Title page
Contents
Summary 4
01. Introduction 6
02. Global regulatory trends 9
03. Regulatory pathways and potential solutions 30
04. Establishing global frameworks: the potential for a human rights-based approach 41
05. Conclusion and recommendations 47
Appendix 1: Methodology 50
Appendix 2: Relevant laws and regulations 58
About the authors 62
Acknowledgments 62
Table 1. Categorized survey questions gauging legislative approaches to platform regulation, per cent 10
Table 2. Approaches to platform regulation and main characteristics 12
Figure 1. Cluster depicting countries following a strict custody approach 13
Figure 2. Cluster depicting countries following an independent regulation approach 16
Figure 3. Cluster depicting countries following a user rights and capacities approach 19
Figure 4. Cluster depicting countries following an extensive platform monitoring approach 22
Figure 5. Cluster depicting countries following a data localization as part of content moderation regulation approach 25
Figure 6. Regulatory groups and countries, measured against their Freedom House ranking 29
Figure A1. Overall network map, showing detail of some similar regulations around European approaches 55