Title page
Contents
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS 6
INTRODUCTION 7
Context 8
CHAPTER 1. BARRIERS TO ACHIEVING LEARNING FOR ALL 11
Insufficient Access to Preschool Education 11
Deficiencies and Disparities in Acquiring Basic Skills 16
Misalignment and Inequity in Upper Secondary Education 20
Social Exclusion of Minorities 24
CHAPTER 2. RESOURCE MOBILIZATION AND UTILIZATION IN EDUCATION 26
Education Expenditure 26
School Network 27
Staffing in the Education Sector 30
CHAPTER 3. STAFFING AND TEACHERS' WORKLOAD IN SCHOOLS 37
Staffing Norms 41
Work Allocation Practices in Schools 42
Control over Work Allocation Process in Schools 42
Curriculum 43
CHAPTER 4. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR IMPROVING QUALITY 46
Preschool Education 46
General Education 47
Table 1. Gross Enrollment Ratios, by Level of Education, 2015 13
Table 2. Part-Time Teachers as % of All Teachers, by Education Level 32
Table 3. Number of Staff in Each Occupational Category by size and status of appointment 33
Table 4. Activities Comprising Teachers' Workload 42
Figure 1. Average years of lost employment for an individual, circa 2010 9
Figure 2. Pre-Primary Enrollment Rate and Poverty Level, by Municipality (2014) 14
Figure 3. TIMSS Performance (4th Grade) and Income 16
Figure 4. PISA 2012 Mathematics Performance and Public Expenditure on Education 17
Figure 5. Student Performance in PISA 2003 and 2012 17
Figure 6. Disparities in Proficiency: PISA 2012 18
Figure 7. NEET and Basic Cognitive Skills 19
Figure 8. VET Enrollment as a Share of Total Enrollment in Upper Secondary Education 20
Figure 9. Disparities in Reading Performance and Socioeconomic Status by School Type 21
Figure 10. Enrollment vs. Preference by VET Profile (2015-16) 22
Figure 11. VET Students vs. Classes, by Sector 23
Figure 12. Serbia and Comparator. Government expenditure on education as % of GDP 27
Figure 13. Evolution of School Network, 2000/01 to 2014/15 28
Figure 14. Evolution of Students, Schools, and Teacher in ECA Countries (2000-2014) 29
Figure 15. Expenditure by Nature as % of Total Government Expenditure in Public Institutions 31
Figure 16. Distribution of Wage Bill, by Occupational Category 34
Figure 17. Student-Teacher Ratios and Class Sizes in Serbia 35
Figure 18. Attributing the Reading Gap between Serbia and Comparator Countries (PISA 2009) 38
Figure 19. Total Working Hours and Teaching Time per Week (Full-Time Teachers) 39
Figure 20. Hours Spent in Teaching, Pedagogical, and Other Tasks by Full-Time Teachers 40
Figure 21. Recommended Minimum Annual Instruction Time in Full-Time Compulsory General Education (Grades 1-8, Hours) 44