Title page
Contents
Acknowledgements 6
Abstract 7
Executive summary 8
Method 9
Results 9
Discussion 12
Introduction 13
Method 17
Sampling and data collection 17
Key definitions 18
Limitations 20
Sample 21
Children as victim-survivors of violence in the home 27
Intimate partner violence perpetrated against female carers 27
Children's exposure to intimate partner violence perpetrated against their female carers 28
Children as targets of direct abuse 32
Co-occurrence of intimate partner violence and direct abuse of children 34
Risk factors for direct abuse of children 37
Sociodemographic characteristics of respondents 38
Relationship characteristics of respondents 40
Number and ages of children and care arrangements 41
Household characteristics 44
Multivariate analysis 46
Relationship between changes in economic circumstances, mobility and social isolation and direct abuse of children 50
Discussion 58
Implications 62
References 64
Table 1. Key terms 20
Table 2. Sociodemographic characteristics of respondents (weighted data) 22
Table 3. Characteristics of respondents' relationships (weighted data) 23
Table 4. Number and ages of children and care arrangements (weighted data) 25
Table 5. Prevalence of respondents saying a child in their care experienced direct abuse, by respondent sociodemographic characteristics (weighted data) 39
Table 6. Prevalence of respondents saying a child in their care experienced direct abuse, by respondent relationship characteristics (weighted data) 41
Table 7. Prevalence of respondents saying a child in their care experienced direct abuse, by number and ages of children and care arrangements (weighted data) 43
Table 8. Prevalence of respondents saying a child in their care experienced direct abuse, by respondent household characteristics (weighted data) 46
Table 9. Logistic regression-Association between characteristics of respondents, relationships, children and households and children's experience of direct abuse... 48
Table 10. Prevalence of respondents saying a child in their care experienced direct abuse, by pandemic-related stressors (weighted data) 52
Table 11. Logistic regression-Association between characteristics of respondents, relationships, children, households and pandemic-related stressors and... 54
Table 12. Results from KHB mediation analysis of the relationship between changes in employment and the likelihood of respondent's child experiencing... 56
Figure 1. Prevalence of intimate partner violence perpetrated against female carers in the past 12 months (weighted data) 27
Figure 2. Prevalence of respondents saying a child in their care was exposed to intimate partner violence perpetrated against them (weighted data) 28
Figure 3. Physical violence experienced by female carers who had a child exposed to physical intimate partner violence at least once (weighted data) 29
Figure 4. Emotionally abusive, harassing or controlling behaviours experienced by female carers who had a child exposed to non-physical intimate partner... 30
Figure 5. Changes in intimate partner violence during the pandemic among women who had a child exposed to physical or non-physical intimate partner... 31
Figure 6. Prevalence and type of direct abuse experienced by children as witnessed by and/or disclosed to the respondent (weighted data) 32
Figure 7. Prevalence of respondents witnessing direct abuse and/or having direct abuse disclosed to them (weighted data) 33
Figure 8. Co-occurrence of threats to hurt children and direct physical abuse against children (weighted data) 34
Figure 9. Co-occurrence of children being exposed to intimate partner violence and being the direct target of abuse (weighted data) 35
Figure 10. Prevalence of interaction with the police or child protection services based on whether the respondent witnessed direct physical abuse and/or had... 36
Figure 11. Predicted probability of a child experiencing direct abuse, by change in employment status of respondents and their partners (95% CI) 57