Title page
Contents
Acknowledgements 5
Acronyms and abbreviations 6
Key terms and definitions 7
Abstract 9
Executive summary 10
Methodology 10
A review of initiatives 10
A review of the evidence 11
Discussion 13
Introduction 14
The link between CSAM offending and contact sexual offending 15
Offending and harmful behaviours among specific populations 16
Efforts to target CSAM offending in Australia 18
Findings from earlier reviews 18
The current study 20
Structure of this report 22
Methodology 23
Search of websites and literature 24
Advisory group 26
Limitations 26
A review of initiatives 27
Primary, secondary and tertiary prevention 27
Types of initiatives 28
Programs for specific populations 45
A review of the evidence 49
Quality of studies reviewed 50
Findings from process evaluations 52
Findings from outcome evaluations 60
Effectiveness of prevention initiatives among specific populations 75
Discussion 85
A review of initiatives 85
A review of the evidence 87
Concluding remarks 89
References 90
Appendix 101
Table 1. Definitions of initiative types in the current study 28
Table 2. Prevention initiatives 29
Table 3. Definitions of success used by outcome evaluations included in the review 61
Table 4. Evidence from outcome evaluations of helplines and education and awareness campaigns 63
Table 5. Overview of outcome evaluations for Circle of Support and Accountability (CoSA) programs 66
Table 6. Evidence from outcome evaluations of therapeutic treatment and psychoeducation 74
Figure 1. Examples of prevention interventions for CSAM offending 22
Figure 2. PRISMA flow diagram: Search results of studies on prevention initiatives for CSAM offending 25
Figure 3. Callers to Stop It Now! helplines by type and country 54
Figure 4. Reoffending rate among young offenders aged 10-18 years, by participation in Safe Network, STOP or WellStop 80
Boxes
Box 1. Stop It Now! (multiple countries) 33
Box 2. Safe to talk (NZ) 35
Box 3. Kein Täter Werden (Don't Offend) in Germany (Prevention Project Dunkelfeld) 37
Box 4. Help Wanted (US) 40
Box 5. Stop It Now! Online Child Sexual Abuse Deterrence Campaign (UK and Ireland) 43
Box 6. Circles ReBoot (UK) 44
Box 7. Inform Young People (UK) 46
Box 8. Summary of initiatives 48
Box 9. Summary: How well do these initiatives reach their target audience? 60
Box 10. Summary: How effective are these initiatives at preventing CSA and CSAM offending? 83
Table A1. Summary of child sexual abuse material offending prevention initiatives 101