Title page
Contents
Executive Summary 6
Carbon fee cases 6
Sector impacts 7
Caveats 8
Carbon Fees 9
Key findings 9
Methodology 9
Results 10
Total CO₂ emissions 10
Fossil fuel consumption 13
CO₂ emissions by end-use sector 18
Prices 22
Conclusion 30
Table 1. Economy-wide CO₂ emissions fees and their effects on selected energy product prices, AEO2022 carbon fee cases relative to the AEO2022 Reference case 11
Table 2. Carbon fees, annual energy-related CO₂ emissions, and changes in CO₂ emissions from previous five years, Reference case and carbon fee cases 12
Table 3. Annual fossil fuel-related carbon fees, CO₂ emissions, and changes in CO₂ emissions from previous five years, carbon fee cases 13
Table 4. Total percentage change in CO₂ emissions by transportation type and case, 2021-2050 21
Table 5. Average delivered electricity prices to all sectors, Reference and carbon fee cases 23
Table 6. National average delivered energy prices to all users for select years and fossil fuel products, Reference and carbon fee cases 24
Table 7. Macroeconomic growth rates in the AEO2022 Low Economic Growth, Reference, and High Economic Growth cases 27
Table 8. Change in total energy-related CO₂ emissions, AEO2022 carbon fee and macroeconomic growth cases (2050) 28
Figure 1. Total CO₂ emissions, Reference case and carbon fee cases 10
Figure 2. Coal-related CO₂ emissions, Reference case and carbon fee cases 14
Figure 3. Petroleum-related CO₂ emissions, Reference case and carbon fee cases 15
Figure 4. Total all-sector natural gas-related CO₂ emissions, Reference case and carbon fee cases 16
Figure 5. Total all-sector cumulative capacity additions and retirements, Reference case and carbon fee cases (2021 to 2050) 17
Figure 6. Net electricity generation from all sectors by fuel type, Reference case and carbon fee cases 17
Figure 7. Electric power sector CO₂ emissions, Reference case and carbon fee cases 18
Figure 8. Residential sector CO₂ emissions, Reference case and carbon fee cases 19
Figure 9. Commercial sector CO₂ emissions, Reference case and carbon fee cases 20
Figure 10. Industrial sector CO₂ emissions, Reference case and carbon fee cases 21
Figure 11. Transportation sector CO₂ emissions, Reference case and carbon fee cases 22
Figure 12. CO₂ captured, Reference case and carbon fee cases 26
Figure 13. Energy and carbon intensity of the U.S. economy, Reference case and carbon fee cases 27
Figure 14. Total CO₂ emissions for the Reference case, carbon fee cases, and macroeconomic growth cases 29
Figure 15. CO₂ emissions by energy sector, carbon fee and macroeconomic growth cases 30