Title page
Contents
Summary 4
01. Introduction 6
1.1. Purpose and structure of the paper 8
1.2. Scope of the paper 8
02. The legal framework for identifying (co-)parties 10
2.1. Methodology, related concepts and existing approaches 11
2.2. The legal criteria for identifying co-parties 19
2.3. Temporal scope of co-party status 25
2.4. 'Proxy wars' 25
03. The legal relevance of party status in international law 27
3.1. Party status and the ius ad bellum 27
3.2. Party status and the ius in bello/IHL 29
3.3. Party status and international criminal law 31
3.4. Party status and IHRL 31
3.5. Party status and the law of neutrality 32
3.6. Party status and rules on complicity 33
3.7. Party status and domestic law 34
04. Implications of co-party status 35
05. Conclusion and recommendations 39
About the authors 42
Acknowledgments 42