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1. 서론 11
2. 이론적 배경(제목없음) 14
2-1. 열전현상 14
2-1-1. Seebeck effect 14
2-1-2. Peltier effect 16
2-1-3. Thomson effect 16
2-1-4. 성능지수 17
2-1-5. 전기전도도 18
2-1-6. 열전도도 19
2-2. ZnO의 특성 22
2-2-1. ZnO의 일반적 특성 22
2-3. 테이프 캐스팅 25
2-3-1. 테이프 캐스팅의 이해 25
2-3-2. 세라믹 원료 27
2-3-3. 용매 27
2-3-4. 결합제 27
2-3-5. 분산제 28
2-3-6/2-3-7. 가소제 30
3. Zn1-x-yMxNyO 열전재료의 제조 및 분석(이미지참조) 31
3-1. Zn1-x-yMxNyO 열전재료의 제조(이미지참조) 31
3-2. 제조한 Zn1-x-yMxNyO 열전재료의 분석(이미지참조) 32
3-2-1. 밀도 32
3-2-2. 결정구조 및 미세구조 32
3-2-3. 열전특성 33
4. 결과 및 고찰 35
4-1. Zn1-x-ySnxSbyO(0≤x≤0.01,0≤y≤0.01) 열전재료(이미지참조) 35
4-1-1. 결정구조 35
4-1-2. 미세구조 38
4-1-3. 열전 특성 41
4-2. Zn1-xNixO(0≤x≤0.05)열전재료(이미지참조) 47
4-2-1. 결정구조 47
4-2-2. 미세구조 49
4-2-3. 열전특성 55
4-3. Zn1-xBixO 열전재료(이미지참조) 62
4-3-1. 결정구조 62
4-3-2. 미세구조 64
4-3-3. 열전특성 70
5. 결론 77
6. 참고문헌 79
ABSTRACT 81
Table 1. Physical properties of ZnO single crystal. 24
Table 2. Grain size and porosity of the prepared Zn1-x-ySnxSbyO samples.(이미지참조) 40
Table 3. Grain size and porosity of the prepared Zn1-xNixO samples.(이미지참조) 51
Table 4. Grain size and porosity of the prepared Zn1-xBixO samples.(이미지참조) 66
Fig. 1. ZnO with a wurtzite crystal structure. Zinc atom is represented by smaller balls and oxygen atom is represented by larger balls. 23
Fig. 2. Burn-out and sintering process of green sheet. 26
Fig. 3. Potential energy of interaction between two particles with electrical double layers. Steric hindrance may add to the repulsion energy and increase the energy barrier to coagulation. 29
Fig. 4. Schematic diagram of the apparatus for electrical conductivity and thermoelectric power measurementsas a function of temperature. 34
Fig. 5. XRD patterns of the as-sintered (a) ZnO, (b) Zn0.99Sb0.01O, (c) Zn0.99Sn0.01O, and (d) Zn0.98Sb0.01Sn0.01O at room temperature.(이미지참조) 37
Fig. 6. SEM images from the surfaces of the as-sintered (a) ZnO, (b) Zn0.99Sb0.01O, (c) Zn0.99Sn0.01O, and (d) Zn0.98Sb0.01Sn0.01O.(이미지참조) 39
Fig. 7. Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity for the Zn1-x-ySbxSnyO (0≤x≤0.01 and 0≤y≤0.01) samples(□: ZnO, △: Zn0.99Sb0.01O, ◇: Zn0.99Sn0.01O, ■: Zn0.985Sb0.005Sn0.01O, ●: Zn0.98Sb0.01Sn0.01O, and ▼: Zn0.985Sb0.01Sn0.005O).(이미지참조) 42
Fig. 8. Temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficient for the Zn1-x-ySbxSnyO (0≤x≤0.01 and 0≤y≤0.01) samples (□: ZnO, △: Zn0.99Sb0.01O, ◇: Zn0.99Sn0.01O, ■: Zn0.985Sb0.005Sn0.01O, ●: Zn0.98Sb0.01Sn0.01O, and ▼: Zn0.985Sb0.01Sn0.005O).(이미지참조) 44
Fig. 9. Temperature dependence of the power factor for the Zn1-x-ySbxSnyO (0≤x≤0.01 and 0≤y≤0.01) samples (□: ZnO, △: Zn0.99Sb0.01O, ◇: Zn0.99Sn0.01O, ■: Zn0.985Sb0.005Sn0.01O, ●: Zn0.98Sb0.01Sn0.01O, and ▼: Zn0.985Sb0.01Sn0.005O).(이미지참조) 46
Fig. 10. XRD patterns of the as-sintered (a) ZnO, (b) Zn0.99Ni0.01O, (c) Zn0.98Ni0.02O, (d)Zn0.97Ni0.03O, (e)Zn0.96Ni0.04O, and (f)Zn0.95Ni0.05O atroom temperature.(이미지참조) 48
Fig. 11. SEM images from the surfaces of the as-sintered (a)ZnO, (b) Zn0.99Ni0.01O, (c) Zn0.98Ni0.02O, (d) Zn0.97Ni0.03O, (e) Zn0.96Ni0.04O, and (f) Zn0.95Ni0.05O.(이미지참조) 50
Fig. 12. SEI and elemental maps of sintered Zn0.95Ni0.05O.(이미지참조) 52
Fig. 13. (a) A bright field image obtained from Zn0.98Ni0.02O sample. SAD patterns obtained from the (b) ZnOss and (c) NiOss particle.(이미지참조) 54
Fig. 14. Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity for the Zn1-xNix O(0 ≤x≤0.05) samples(□: ZnO, ■: Zn0.99Ni0.01O, ●: Zn0.98Ni0.02O, ▲: Zn0.97Ni0.03O, ▼: Zn0.96Ni0.04O, and ◆: Zn0.95Ni0.05O).(이미지참조) 56
Fig. 15. Temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficient for the Zn1-xNix O(0≤x≤0.05) samples(□: ZnO, ■: Zn0.99Ni0.01O, ●: Zn0.98Ni0.02O, ▲: Zn0.97Ni0.03O, ▼: Zn0.96Ni0.04O, and◆: Zn0.95Ni0.05O).(이미지참조) 58
Fig. 16. Temperature dependence of power factor for the Zn1-xNix O(0≤x≤ 0.05) samples(□: ZnO, ■: Zn0.99Ni0.01O, ●: Zn0.98Ni0.02O, ▲: Zn0.97Ni0.03O, ▼: Zn0.96Ni0.04O, and◆: Zn0.95Ni0.05O).(이미지참조) 60
Fig. 17. Power factor of the Zn1-xNix O(0≤x≤0.05) samples as a function of NiO content (▲: 600℃, ●: 700℃, and ■: 800℃).(이미지참조) 61
Fig. 18. XRD patterns of the as-sintered (a) ZnO, (b) Zn0.9975Bi0.0025O, (c) Zn0.995Bi0.005O, (d)Zn0.99Bi0.01O, (e)Zn0.985Bi0.015O, and (f)Zn0.98Bi0.02O atroom temperature.(이미지참조) 63
Fig. 19. SEM images from the cross section of the as-sintered (a) ZnO (b) Zn0.9975Bi0.0025O, (c) Zn0.995Bi0.005O, (d) Zn0.99Bi0.01O, (e) Zn0985Bi0015O, and (f) Zn0.98Bi0.02O at room temperature.(이미지참조) 65
Fig. 20. SEI and elemental maps from as-sintered Zn0.98Bi0.02O.(이미지참조) 67
Fig. 21. (a) A bright field image obtained from Zn0.98Bi0.02O sample. SAD patterns obtained from the (b) ZnOss and (c) α-Bi₂O₃ particle.(이미지참조) 69
Fig. 22. Temperature dependence of electrical conductivity for the Zn1-xBix O(0≤x≤0.02) samples(□: ZnO, ■: Zn0.9975Bi0.0025O, ●: Zn0.995Bi0.005O, ▲: Zn0.99Bi0.01O, ▼: Zn0.985Bi0.015O, and◆: Zn0.98Bi0.02O).(이미지참조) 71
Fig. 23. Temperature dependence of the Seebeck coefficient for the Zn1-xBix O(0≤x≤0.02) samples(□: ZnO, ■: Zn0.9975Bi0.0025O, ●: Zn0.995Bi0.005O, ▲: Zn0.99Bi0.01O, ▼: Zn0.985Bi0.015O, and◆: Zn0.98Bi0.02O).(이미지참조) 73
Fig. 24. Temperature dependence of power factor for the Zn1-xBix O(0≤x≤ 0.02) samples(□: ZnO, ■: Zn0.9975Bi0.0025O, ●: Zn0.995Bi0.005O, ▲: Zn0.99Bi0.01O, ▼: Zn0.985Bi0.015O, and◆: Zn0.98Bi0.02O).(이미지참조) 75
Fig. 25. Power factor of the Zn1-xBix O(0≤x≤0.02) samples as a function of Bi2O3 content (▲: 600℃, ●: 700℃, and ■: 800℃).(이미지참조) 76
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