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국문요약 11

1. 서론 13

1.1. 연구 배경 13

1.2. 연구 목적 16

2. 이론 17

2.1. 질소산화물(NOx) 17

2.2. 요소 선택적 환원 기술 19

2.2.1. Urea SCR System의 구성 및 특징 21

2.2.2. 환원제(Urea) 23

2.2.3. 이론적인 환원제(Urea) 분사량 결정 25

2.3. 환원제(Urea) 분사 제어 알고리즘 27

2.3.1. Map기반의 개회로 제어 알고리즘 27

2.3.2. 센서 기반의 제어 알고리즘 29

3. 실험 31

3.1. 실험 장치 31

3.1.1. 실험 장치의 구성 31

3.1.2. 엔진 및 차량 33

3.1.3. 후처리 장치 36

3.1.4. NOx 센서, 요소분사장치 및 DeNOx controller 38

3.2. 실험 방법 41

4. 실험 결과 및 고찰 42

4.1. 엔진 Torque와 배출되는 O₂농도의 상관관계 42

4.2. 요소 분사량 확인 NOx 저감실험 44

4.3. Map 기반 제어 알고리즘을 위한 엔진 실험 결과 47

4.3.1. NOx 농도의 측정 47

4.3.2. NH₃/NOx 비율의 최적화 48

4.3.3. 배기가스의 밀도, 유량 및 NH₃ 밀도 50

4.3.4. 배기가스의 온도 및 압력 53

4.4. NOx 저감실험 55

4.4.1. Map기반 제어 알고리즘을 적용한 엔진 기반 NOx 저감실험 55

4.4.2. Map기반 제어 알고리즘을 적용한 차량 NOx 저감실험 62

4.4.3. 센서기반 제어 알고리즘을 적용한 차량 NOx 저감실험 67

4.4.4. Map기반과 Sensor기반 제어방식 비교 72

5. 결론 74

참고 문헌 77

ABSTRACT 80

List of Tables

Table 1. Korean emission standard for diesel passenger vehicles [g/km] 14

Table 2. Korean emission standard for diesel heavy-duty vehicles [g/kWh] 14

Table 3. National emission standards comparison for medium-duty diesel engine 15

Table 4. Properties of mixed ammonium formate-urea solutions 24

Table 5. Specification of test Engine 35

Table 6. Specification of the aftertreatment devices 37

Table 7. Specification of NOx sensor 39

Table 8. Experimental conditions & measurements@ 1200rpm 56

Table 9. Experimental conditions & measurements@ 1500rpm 57

Table 10. Experimental conditions & measurements @ 1750rpm 58

Table 11. Experimental conditions & measurements @ 2000rpm 59

Table 12. Experimental conditions & measurements @ 2250rpm 60

Table 13. Experimental conditions & measurements @ 2500rpm 61

List of Figures

Fig. 2.1. Schematic of the test engine and urea selective catalytic reduction system installation 21

Fig. 2.2. Map based control logic of urea SCR system 28

Fig. 2.3. Sensor based control logic of urea SCR system 30

Fig. 3.1. Experimental setup of urea SCR system for engine dynamometer 31

Fig. 3.2. Test Engine setup 33

Fig. 3.3. Test Vehicle, Mighty II 3.5ton and Urea SCR System(Urea tank, Injector, Air compressor, DOC-DPF, Extension pipe & Mixer(2EA), SCR-AOC) 34

Fig. 3.4. Layout of the aftertreatment system 36

Fig. 3.5. Linearity of test injector, water injection amount[g/min] in terms of frequency[Hz] with fixed duty 39

Fig. 3.6. DeNOx controller 40

Fig. 4.1. O₂ concentration[%] vs. Torque[N·m] for each engine speeds 43

Fig. 4.2. NOx reduction measurement @ 2000rpm : O₂ 10.7%, Torque 213.8N·m, NH₃/NOx ratio 1, urea injection amount 17.7g/min 45

Fig. 4.3. NOx reduction measurement @ 2250rpm : O₂ 9.4%, Torque 282.6N·m, NH₃/NOx ratio 1, urea injection amount 27g/min 45

Fig. 4.4. NOx reduction measurement @ 2500rpm : O₂ 11.6%, Torque 167.5N·m, NH₃/NOx ratio 1, urea injection amount 19.5g/min 46

Fig. 4.5. NOx concentration[ppm] as a function of engine speed and O₂ concentration with EGR off condition 47

Fig. 4.6. NOx reduction measurement for each NH₃/NOx ratio 0.6, 0.8, 1.0, 1,2 @ 2000rpm : Torque 213.8N·m, O₂ 10.7% 49

Fig. 4.7. NH₃/NOx ratio[-], as a function of engine speed and O₂ concentration 49

Fig. 4.8. Intake air flow[㎥/hr], as a function of engine speed and O₂ concentration 51

Fig. 4.9. Air/Fuel ratio[-], as a function of engine speed and O₂ concentration 51

Fig. 4.10. Theoretical air and ammonia density in terms of absolute temperature, (▽) : theoretical air density, (○) : theoretical ammonia density 52

Fig. 4.11. Exhaust gas temperature, as a function of engine speed and O₂ concentration 53

Fig. 4.12. Exhaust gas pressure, as a function of engine speed and O₂ concentration 54

Fig. 4.13. DeNOx efficiency @ 1200rpm, from left to right Torque 116, 131.7, 158.4, 204.2, 225.9, 269.1, 335.8[N·m] 56

Fig. 4.14. DeNOx efficiency @ 1500rpm, from left to right Torque 106.8, 144.7, 187, 217, 245.7, 295.8, 361.3[N·m] 57

Fig. 4.15. DeNOx efficiency @ 1750rpm, from left to right Torque 108.5, 152.9, 184.9, 222.6, 247.3, 287.3, 367.7[N·m] 58

Fig. 4.16. DeNOx efficiency @ 2000rpm, from left to right Torque 82.9, 112.2, 143.9, 181.9, 213.8, 260, 285.7, 372.5[N·m] 59

Fig. 4.17. DeNOx efficiency @ 2250rpm, from left to right Torque 69.6, 111.6, 145.9, 177.7, 206.6, 248, 282.6, 373[N·m] 60

Fig. 4.18. DeNOx efficiency @ 2500rpm, from left to right Torque 60.3, 101, 135.5, 167.5, 208.6, 234.6, 274.3, 359.5[N·m] 61

Fig. 4.19. Vehicle test condition in case 1, O₂ concentration[%] and engine speed[rpm] for map-based urea SCR control algorithm 63

Fig. 4.20. Vehicle test condition in case 1, vehicle speed[km/h] and exhaust gas temperature[℃] for map-based urea SCR control algorithm 63

Fig. 4.21. Case 1, urea injection amount[g/min] and NOx measurement[ppm] at SCR catalyst inlet and outlet for vehicle test with map-based urea SCR control algorithm 64

Fig. 4.22. Vehicle test condition in case 2, O₂ concentration[%] and engine speed[rpm] for map-based urea SCR control algorithm 65

Fig. 4.23. Vehicle test condition in case 2, vehicle speed[km/h] and exhaust gas temperature[℃] for map-based urea SCR control algorithm 65

Fig. 4.24. Case 2, urea injection amount[g/min] and NOx measurement[ppm] at SCR catalyst inlet and outlet for vehicle test with map-based urea SCR control algorithm 66

Fig. 4.25. Vehicle test condition in case 1, O₂ concentration[%] and engine speed[rpm] for sensor-based urea SCR control algorithm 68

Fig. 4.26. Vehicle test condition in case 1, vehicle speed[km/h] and exhaust gas temperature[℃] for sensor-based urea SCR control algorithm 68

Fig. 4.27. Case 1, urea injection amount[g/min] and NOx measurement[ppm] at SCR catalyst inlet and outlet for vehicle test with sensor-based urea SCR control algorithm 69

Fig. 4.28. Vehicle test condition in case 2, O₂ concentration[%] and engine speed[rpm] for sensor-based urea SCR control algorithm 70

Fig. 4.29. Vehicle test condition in case 2, vehicle speed[km/h] and exhaust gas temperature[℃] for sensor-based urea SCR control algorithm 70

Fig. 4.30. Case 2, urea injection amount[g/min] and NOx measurement[ppm] at SCR catalyst inlet and outlet for vehicle test with sensor-based urea SCR control algorithm 71

Fig. 4.31. Comparison to NOx, urea injection amount between map-based experiments versus sensor-based simulation on same operating conditions 73

Fig. 4.32. Comparison to NOx, urea injection amount between sensor-based experiment versus map-based simulation on same operating conditions 73

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