Title Page

Contents

Introduction 22

Review of literature 28

CHAPTER I. Effects of leaf emergence period and high temperature on ginsenoside content in ginseng lines at seedling stage 41

Materials and methods 42

Source of ginseng seed 42

Cultivating method 42

Soil condition 45

Grouping of ginseng lines by days to emergence at seedling stage 45

Grouping of ginseng lines based on the healthy individual rate in a high temperature at a seedling stage 48

Extraction of ginsenosides 51

Analysis of ginsenoside content 52

Results and discussion 54

Agronomic characteristics and ginsenoside content of the three emergence groups at a seedling stage 54

Agronomic characteristics and ginsenoside content of HTTG, HTLTG and HTSG at seedling stage 58

CHAPTER II. Cultivating method and ginsenoside content 63

1. Comparison of the ginsenoside content according to the planting position of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer 63

Materials and methods 63

Division of planting positions 64

Extraction of ginsenosides 64

Analysis of ginsenosides 64

Results and discussion 66

Root weight by planting position 66

Comparison of ginsenoside content by planting position 67

2. Comparison of ginsenoside content in different parts of ginseng cultivated by direct seeding and transplanting 74

Materials and methods 74

Materials 74

Extraction and analysis of ginsenosides 74

Results and discussion 75

Comparison of agronomic characteristics of ginseng cultivated by direct seeding and transplanting 75

Comparison of ginsenoside content in roots obtained from direct seeding and transplantation 77

CHAPTER III. Processing method and ginsenoside content 83

1. Changes of physicochemical properties and ginsenoside content of white ginseng prepared with peeling 83

Materials and methods 84

Materials 84

Peeling method and manufacturing of white ginseng 84

Analysis of physicochemical properties 85

Analysis of crude saponin and ginsenoside content 86

Results and discussion 87

Changes of physicochemical properties according to the increase of peeling time 87

Changes of crude saponin and ginsenoside content according to the increase of the peeling time 93

2. Effects of extracting conditions on the physicochemical properties and ginsenoside content in red ginseng water extract 97

Materials and methods 98

Materials 98

Extracting method of red ginseng 98

Analysis of physicochemical properties 99

Analysis of ginsenoside content 99

Results and discussion 100

Physicochemical properties of red ginseng extract by extracting conditions 100

Ginsenoside content in red ginseng extract by extracting conditions 103

General Discussion 109

Appendix 113

Appendix 1. Agronomic characteristics of early emergence lines at a seedling stage. 113

Appendix 2. Agronomic characteristics of mid-emergence lines at a seedling stage. 114

Appendix 3. Agronomic characteristics of late emergence lines at a seedling stage. 115

Appendix 4. Ginsenoside content of early emergence lines at a seedling stage. 116

Appendix 5. Ginsenoside content of mid-emergence lines at a seedling stage. 117

Appendix 6. Ginsenoside content of late emergence lines at a seedling stage. 118

Appendix 7. Agronomic characteristics of high temperature tolerance lines at a seedling stage. 119

Appendix 8. Agronomic characteristics of high temperature less tolerance lines at a seedling stage. 120

Appendix 9. Agronomic characteristics of high temperature susceptible lines at a seedling stage. 122

Appendix 10. Ginsenoside content of high temperature tolerance lines at a seedling stage. 123

Appendix 11. Ginsenoside content of high temperature less tolerance lines at a seedling stage. 124

Appendix 12. Ginsenoside content of high temperature susceptible lines at a seedling stage. 126

Abstract 128

References 132

Korean Abstract 150

Chinese Abstract 154

List of Tables

Table 1.1. Chemical properties of the soil in experiment field before direct seeding. 45

Table 1.2. Comparison of days to emergence in different emergence groups at the seedling stage. 46

Table 1.3. Comparison of healthy individual rate among HTTG, HTLTG, and HTSG groups at a seedling stage. 48

Table 1.4. HPLC conditions for a separation of ginsenosides. 53

Table 1.5. Comparison of root traits among different emergence groups at the seedling stage. 54

Table 1.6. Comparison of ginsenoside contents in different emergence groups at seedling stage. 56

Table 1.7. Comparison of agronomic characteristics of HTTG, HTLTG and HTSG at seedling stage. 58

Table 1.8. Comparison of ginsenoside contents of HTTG, HTLTG and HTSG at seedling stage. 60

Table 2.1.1. The gradient elution of reverse-phase HPLC. 65

Table 2.1.2. Content of ginsenoside in three parts of 5-year-old Yunpoong variety by planting position. 68

Table 2.1.3. Content of ginsenoside in three parts of 5-year-old Landrace by planting position. 70

Table 2.2.1. Comparison of growth characteristics by direct seeding and transplanting cultivation of 5-year-old ginseng. 75

Table 2.2.2. Ginsenoside content in roots from direct seeding cultivation (5-year-old ginseng). 78

Table 2.2.3. Ginsenoside content in roots from transplanting cultivation (5-year-old ginseng). 79

Table 2.2.4. Comparison of ginsenoside content by root diameter and root parts. 81

Table 3.1.1. Changes of proximate composition according to the increase of the peeling time. 89

Table 3.1.2. Changes of amino acid content according to the increase of the peeling time. 91

Table 3.1.3. Change of fatty acid composition according to the increase of the peeling time. 92

Table 3.1.4. Change of contents of major ginsenosides according to the increase of the peeling time. 94

Table 3.2.1. Characteristics of red ginseng used in this study. 98

Table 3.2.2. The changes of hunter color values in RGWE by extracting temperatures and times. 102

Table 3.2.3. The changes of ginsenoside contents in RGWE by extracting temperatures and times. 105

List of Figures

Figure I. The chemical structures of protopanaxadiol (A), protopanaxatriol (B), Oleanane (C) type ginsenosides from Panax ginseng.... 27

Figure 1.1. Changes of mean quantum (A) and air temperature (B) from February to November in the controlled vinyl house and the conventional shade.... 43

Figure 1.2. Relationship between days to emergence and root weight. 55

Figure 1.3. Relationship between days to emergence and total ginsenosides content. 57

Figure 1.4. Relationship between the healthy individual rate and root weight. 59

Figure 1.5. Relationship between the healthy individual rate and the total ginsenosides content. 61

Figure 2.1.1. Average weight (g/root) of healthy root of Yunpoong and Landrace according to cultivated position. 66

Figure 2.1.2. Total content of ginsenoside in main root, lateral root and fine root of 5-year-old ginseng of Yunpoong and Landrace by planting different position. 72

Figure 2.2.1. Ratio of root parts cultivated by direct seeding and transplanting cultivation of 5-year-old ginseng. 77

Figure 2.2.2. Comparison of total ginsenosides content (mg/root) in 5-year-old ginseng root cultivated by direct seeding and transplantation. 82

Figure 3.1.1. Distribution frequency of Hue value according to the increase of the peeling time. (Note: refer to section for detailed methodology information) 88

Figure 3.1.2. Changes of sucrose and maltose content according to the increase of the peeling time. 90

Figure 3.1.3. Change of energy content according to the increase of the peeling time. 93

Figure 3.2.1. Changes of total sugar, sweetness, cloudiness and pH in red ginseng water extract (RGWE) by extracting temperatures and times. 101

Figure 3.2.2. Change of total ginsenosides content in RGWE by extracting temperatures and times. 104

본 연구는 1) 출아시기 및 고온에 따른 묘삼계통의 근중 및 진세노사이드 함량 차이, 2) 재식위치 및 재배방법이 인삼의 작물학적 특성 및 진세노사이드 함량에 미치는 영향, 3) 박피 및 홍삼 추출조건이 이화학적 특성 및 진세노사이드 함량에 미치는 영향을 조사하였다.

1. 조기, 중기, 만기 출아 계통군의 평균근중은 각각 0.70, 0.57, 0.71g로 중기 출아 계통군의 근중이 조기, 만기 출아 계통군보다 현저히 가벼웠지만 출아일수와 근중 간에는 상관관계가 없었다. 총 진세노사이드 함량은 각각 3.8, 3.7, 3.4%로 출아 계통군 간에는 유의적인 차이가 인정되지 않았으며 출아일수와 총 진세노사이드 함량 간에도 상관관계가 없었다.

2. 고온저항성, 중도저항성, 고온감수성 계통군의 평균근중은 각각 0.76, 0.80, 0.63g로 고온감수성 계통군과 고온저항성, 중도저항성 계통군 간에는 유의적인 차이가 인정되었고 건전개체비율과 근중 간의 상관계수는 0.3571로 낮은 정의 상관관계를 보여주었다. 총 진세노사이드 함량은 각각 3.1, 3.3, 3.2%로 중도저항성 계통군이 가장 높았지만 건전개체비율과 총 진세노사이드 함량 간에는 상관관계가 없었다.

3. 재식 위치별 전행(1~2행)에서 연풍과 재래종 주근의 총 사포닌 함량은 각각 15.1, 21.9mg/g, 지근 36.0, 43.4 mg/g, 세근 88.0, 105.6mg/g이었고, 중행(3~5행)에서 주근은 각각 18.7, 23.2 mg/g, 지근 44.9, 43.6mg/g, 세근 93.0, 110.6mg/g 이었으며, 후행(6~7행)에서 주근은 각각 21.9, 26.7 mg/g, 지근 38.4, 45.0 mg/g, 세근 100.9, 107.1mg/g 이었다. 재식위치에 따른 연풍과 재래종의 주근, 지근 및 세근의 총 사포닌과 주요 사포닌 함량의 차이는 연풍의 주근을 제외하고 모든 부위에서 크지 않았다.

4. 직파재배 인삼은 주근의 비율이 지근에 비해 현저히 높았지만 이식재배 인삼은 주근과 지근의 비율이 거의 일치하였다. 직파와 이식재배인삼 모두 Rg₁을 제외한 진세노사이드 성분들은 주근<지근<세근 순이었고, 세근을 제외한 주근 및 지근의 총 진세노사이드 함량은 직파재배인삼이 이식재배에 비해 높았다. 직파와 이식재배 인삼의 개체당 총 진세노사이드 함량은 주근에서 각각 362.8, 320.3mg, 지근 188.6, 548.8mg, 세근 170.7, 273.8mg, 개체 722.1, 1142.9mg 이었다. 단위 무게당 총 진세노사이드 함량은 직파와 이식재배 모두 주근<지근<세근 순이었지만 부위별 총 진세노사이드 함량은 직파재배 인삼은 주근>지근>세근, 이식재배 인삼은 지근>주근>세근 순이었다.

5. 백삼 표피의 색택은 박피시간이 길어질수록 양호하였고 조지방, 조단백질, 지방산 및 아미노산 함량은 박피에 따라 약간 증가하였으나 탄수화물 및 유리당은 감소하였다. 조사포닌과 진세노사이드 함량은 박피에 따라 크게 감소하였다. 박피 인삼의 총 진세노사이드 함량은 무박피에 비하여 약 20-35% 감소하였다.

6. 홍삼 추출액의 총 사포닌 함량은 75℃에서 18시간 추출한 용액이 64.6 mg/100ml로 최고 함량을 나타냈고 추출 온도와 시간이 증가할수록 감소하였다. Rb₂와 Re함량은 75℃에서는 12시간 추출한 홍삼액이 11.8 mg/100m1로 가장 많았고 추출시간과 추출온도가 증가할수록 급격히 감소하였다. Prosapogenin 함량은 85℃에서 24시간 추출한 홍삼액이 34.9 mg/100ml로 가장 많았고, 75℃와 85℃에서는 추출 시간이 길어짐에 따라 증가하는 경향이었으나 95℃에서는 감소하는 경향이었다. 홍삼추출액의 총 당 함량과 탁도는 95℃에서 추출시간을 길게 할수록 증가하였지만 pH 및 Hue 값은 추출시간이 길어질수록 낮아졌다. 당도는 95℃에서 24시간 추출한 용액이 4.0%로 가장 높았다.