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Title Page

Abstract

Contents

1. Introduction 11

2. Literature review 13

2.1. Ion Exchange Membrane 13

2.2. Heterogeneous Ion Exchange Membrane 14

2.3. Concentration polarization 15

2.4. Chronopotentiometry 16

2.5. Current-voltage (I-V) curve 19

2.6. Heterogeneity of Ion Exchange Membrane 21

2.7. Electrodeionization (EDI) 23

3. Experimental 24

3.1. Materials 24

3.2. Preparation of Heterogeneous Ion Exchange Membrane 24

3.3. Characterization Method of Membranes 26

3.3.1. Water content 26

3.3.2. Ion exchange capacity (IEC) 26

3.3.3. Electrical resistance 27

3.3.4. Transport number 27

3.3.5. Chronopotentiometry 28

3.3.6. Current-voltage curve 28

3.3.7. Gas permeability test 28

3.4. Experimental set-up for electrodeionization 29

4. Result and Discussion 31

4.1. Membrane Preparation 31

4.2. Characterization of Membranes 33

4.2.1. The properties of physical and chemical properties 33

4.2.2. Gas permeability test 36

4.2.3. The surfaces of CTM membranes 37

4.2.4. The heterogeneity of membranes using membrane conductance 38

4.2.5. Chronopotentiometric characteristics 41

4.2.5. Current-voltage relationship 44

4.3. Process Performance of Electrodeionation 47

5. CONCLUSIONS 50

SUMMARY IN KOREAN 52

감사의 글 54

Reference 56

Curriculum Vitae 59

APPENDIX 61

A- 1. The continuous tape casting method 61

A- 2. The logic algorithm of the fraction of conducting region for membrane 62

A- 3. Program source code responding for the algorithm 63

A- 4. The workplace for calculation of conducting region using FORTRAN 65

List of Tables

Table 3- 1. The chemical properties of ion-exchange resins 30

Table 4- 1. The physicochemical properties of heterogeneous cation exchange membranes 35

Table 4- 2. The physicochemical properties of heterogeneous anion exchange membranes 35

Table 4- 3. The result of gas permeability for CTM and commercial membranes 36

Table 4- 4. Characteristic values of the chronopotentiometry for caion exchange membranes 43

Table 4- 5. Characteristic values of the chronopotentiometry for anion exchange membranes 43

Table 4- 6. Characteristic values of current-voltage relationship for caion exchange membranes 46

Table 4- 7. Characteristic values of current-voltage relationship for anion exchange membranes 46

Table 4- 8. The ion concentrations of Reverse osmosis-Electrodeionization system 47

List of Figures

Fig. 2- 1. The schematic of concentration polarization 16

Fig. 2- 2. The typical chronopotentio curves drafted using experiment data 17

Fig. 2- 3. The typical current-voltage curves drafted using experiment data 20

Fig. 2- 4. The relationship between ln km and ln ks in NaCl solution with different concentration 22

Fig. 2- 5. The schematic of electrodeionization (EDI) 23

Fig. 3- 1. The diagram of procedures for preparation 25

Fig. 3- 2. The configuration for measuring transport number 27

Fig. 3- 3. The schematic of equipment of gas permeability 28

Fig. 3- 4. The schematic of 3 cells electrodeionization 29

Fig. 3- 5. SEM images of dried ion exchange resins (a) cation resin (b) anion resin 30

Fig. 4- 1. The surfaces of CTM C with no degassing (a) and degassing (b). 32

Fig. 4- 2.The photographs of membranes prepared by continuous tape casting using video microscope: (a, a’) cation exchange membranes (b, b’) anion exchange membranes in 100 X scale, 300 X scale 37

Fig. 4- 3. Membrane conductance for cation-exchange membranes in sodium chloride solutions with different concentrations 39

Fig. 4- 4. Membrane conductance for anion-exchange membranes in sodium chloride solutions with different concentrations 39

Fig. 4- 5. The relationship between ln Km and ln Ks for cation-exchange membranes in sodium chloride solution with different concentration(이미지참조) 40

Fig. 4- 6. The relationship between ln Km and ln Ks for anion-exchange membranes in sodium chloride solution with different concentration(이미지참조) 40

Fig. 4- 7. Chronopotentiometric curves for cation exchange membranes (current density: 3.5 mA/cm2; electrolyte: 0.025M sodium chloride solution) 42

Fig. 4- 8. Chronopotentiometric curves for cation exchange membranes (current density: 3.5 mA/cm2; electrolyte: 0.025M sodium chloride solution) 42

Fig. 4- 9. Current-voltage curves for cation exchange membranes in 0.025 M sodium chloride solution 45

Fig. 4- 10. Current-voltage curves for anion exchange membranes in 0.025 M sodium chloride solution 45

Fig. 4- 11. The resistance variation of product water from electrodeionization 48

Fig. 4- 12. The voltage changes of electrodeionization in constant current 2.3 mA 48

Fig. 4- 13. The pH variation of product water from electrodeionization 49

Fig. 4- 14. The electrical conductivity of water water from electrodeionization 49

List of Appendix Figures

Fig. A- 1. The procedures for preparation of heterogeneous membrane by continuous tape casting method 61

Fig. A- 2. The logic algorithm of the fraction of conducting region for membrane 62

Fig. A- 3. The workplace for calculation of conducting region using FORTRAN 65

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