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Title Page
BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH
Contents
INTRODUCTION 14
MATERIALS AND METHODS 19
Animal 19
Cell culture and transient transfection 19
DNA constructs 20
In utero electroporation 21
Immunohistochemistry 21
Histological analysis 22
Reverse Transcription-Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) 23
Immunocytochemistry (ICC) 24
Transwell migration assay 25
Wound-healing assay 26
Pulldown assay 26
Isolation of total protein and western blot analysis 27
Primary cortical neuron culture 28
RESULTS 29
Spatio-temporal expression of S1P receptor gene families during mouse brain development 29
Over expression of S1P₂ cause abnormal neuronal migration in neocortex 30
Cortical layer is severely abnormal in the S1P₂ over-expressed neocortex 32
Cortical progenitor cells are incorrectly positioned in the S1P₂ overexpressed neocortex 33
S1P₂ increases neuronal differentiation and neuronal polarization 34
Overexpression of S1P₂ induced neurite retraction in cortical neurons 35
The gain of S1P₂ gene results in disorganization of the neocortex neuroblast cell 37
Activation of the Rho-GTP cascade was involved in the S1P₂ -induced neurite retraction 37
Inhibition of ROCK signaling rescues S1P₂ over expressed motility phenotype 38
Rho/Rho-associated protein kinase pathway mediates S1P₂ inhibition of neuroblast cell migration 39
DISCUSSION 91
REFERENCES 96
ABSTRACT 103
ABSTRACT IN KOREAN 105
Figure 1. Expression of SIP₂ receptor gene during mouse brain development. 41
Figure 2. Validation of the vector containing the S1P₂ gene. 42
Figure 3. Temporal analysis of cell migration pattern in S1P₂-overexpressed cerebral cortex. 44
Figure 4. Overexpression of S1P₂ results in disorganization of the neocortex in development mouse brain. 45
Figure 5. Defect in radial migration pattern in S1P₂-overexpressed cerebral cortex. 47
Figure 6. Expression pattern of TBR₁ in S1P₂ over-expressed mouse embryo cortices. 49
Figure 7. Expression pattern of TBR₂ and Reelin in S1P₂ over-expressed mouse embryo cortices. 51
Figure 8. Expression pattern of TBR₂ in S1P₂ over-expressed mouse embryo cortices. 52
Figure 9. Expression pattern of TBR₂ in S1P₂ over-expressed postnatal mouse embryo cortices. 54
Figure 10. Expression pattern of PAX6 in S1P₂ over-expressed mouse embryo cortices. 56
Figure 11. Expression pattern of pHH3 in S1P₂ over-expressed mouse embryo cortices. 58
Figure 12. Expression pattern of Ki67 in S1P₂ over-expressed mouse embryo cortices. 60
Figure 13. Ectopic expression of S1P₂ in neural progenitor cells elevates the abnormal development of mouse cerebral cortex. 62
Figure 14. Expression pattern of TUJ1 in S1P₂ over-expressed mouse embryo cortices. 64
Figure 15. Expression pattern of TUJ1 in S1P₂ over-expressed mouse embryo cortices. 66
Figure 16. Expression pattern of TUJ1 in S1P₂ over-expressed postnatal mouse embryo cortices. 68
Figure 17. Overexpression of S1P₂ induces neurite outgrowth in cortical neuron at DIV2. 70
Figure 18. Overexpression of S1P₂ induces neurite outgrowth in cortical neuron at DIV5. 72
Figure 19. Overexpression of S1P₂ induces neurite outgrowth in cortical neuron at DIV7. 74
Figure 20. Statical analysis of neurite retraction by S1P₂. 75
Figure 21. Temporal analysis of expression pattern in S1P₂-overexpressed neuroblast. 77
Figure 22. S1P₂ stimulates RhoA activity. 79
Figure 23. Involvement of S1P₂ in cell retraction via the Rho GTPase signaling pathway up-stream of ROCK activity. 81
Figure 24. Overexpression of S1P₂ retards neuronal migration. 83
Figure 25. Overexpression of S1P₂ retards neuronal migration. 84
Figure 26. S1P₂ may mediate migration via the Rho GTPase signaling pathway up stream of ROCK activity. 86
Figure 27. S1P₂ may mediate migration via the Rho GTPase signaling pathway up stream of ROCK activity. 88
Figure 28. A proposed model for the periventricular nodular heterotopia in S1P₂-overexpressed cerebral cortex. 90
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