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I. 서론 9
1. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 9
2. 연구문제 13
3. 용어의 정의 14
1) 모자화 반응특성 14
2) 애착 14
3) 우울 14
4) 대인관계 14
II. 이론적 배경 16
1. 모자화 16
1) 모자화의 발달배경 16
2) 모자화의 해석가설 18
2. 애착 21
1) 애착의 개념 21
2) 성인애착 23
3. 애착과 우울 27
1) 우울의 개념 27
2) 애착과 우울 30
4. 애착, 우울 및 대인관계 32
1) 대인관계의 개념 32
2) 애착과 대인관계 35
3) 우울과 대인관계 36
III. 연구 방법 39
1. 연구대상 39
2. 측정 도구 40
1) 모자화(The Projective Mother-and-Child Drawing) 검사 40
2) 성인애착척도(Experiences in close Relationship: ECR) 44
3) 우울 척도(Beck Depression Inventory: BDI) 45
4) 대인관계문제척도(Shot form of the Korea Inventory of Interpersonal Problems Circumplex Scales: KIIP-SC) 45
3. 연구절차 46
4. 자료분석 46
IV. 연구 결과 47
1. 대학생의 모자화 반응특성 47
1) 아이상과 어머니상의 반응특성 47
2) 모자상의 반응특성 49
3) 모자화의 PDI 반응 50
2. 대학생의 모자화 반응특성에 따른 애착 51
1) 아이상과 어머니상의 반응특성에 따른 애착의 차이 51
2) 모자상의 반응특성에 따른 애착의 차이 53
3) 모자화의 PDI반응에 따른 애착의 차이 54
3. 대학생의 모자화 반응특성에 따른 우울 55
1) 아이상과 어머니상의 반응특성에 따른 우울의 차이 55
2) 모자상 반응특성에 따른 우울의 차이 56
3) 모자화의 PDI 반응에 따른 우울의 차이 57
4. 대학생의 모자화 반응특성에 따른 대인관계 58
1) 아이상과 어머니상의 반응특성에 따른 대인관계의 차이 58
2) 모자상의 반응특성에 따른 대인관계의 차이 59
3) 모자화의 PDI 반응에 따른 대인관계의 차이 60
V. 논의 및 결론 62
참고문헌 72
부록 85
Abstract 98
〈표 III-1〉 연구대상자의 일반적 특성 39
〈표 III-2〉 모자화의 분석 지표 41
〈표 III-3〉 성인애착척도 문항구성 및 신뢰도 45
〈표 IV-1〉 아이상과 어머니상의 빈도분석 결과 47
〈표 IV-2〉 모자상의 빈도분석 결과 49
〈표 IV-3〉 모자화의 PDI 반응 빈도분석 결과 50
〈표 IV-4〉 아이상의 반응특성에 따른 애착의 F검증 결과 52
〈표 IV-5〉 어머니상의 반응특성에 따른 애착의 F검증 결과 53
〈표 IV-6〉 모자상의 반응특성에 따른 애착의 F검증 결과 54
〈표 IV-7〉 모자화의 PDI 반응에 따른 애착의 F검증 결과 55
〈표 IV-8〉 아이상과 어머니상의 반응특성에 따른 우울의 F검증 결과 56
〈표 IV-9〉 모자상의 반응특성에 따른 우울의 F검증 결과 57
〈표 IV-10〉 모자화의 PDI 반응에 따른 우울의 F검증 결과 58
〈표 IV-11〉 아이상과 어머니상의 반응특성에 따른 대인관계의 F검증 결과 59
〈표 IV-12〉 모자상의 반응특성에 따른 대인관계의 F검증 결과 60
〈표 IV-13〉 모자화의 PDI 반응에 따른 대인관계의 F검증 결과 61
초록보기 더보기
This study examined the possibility of using the mother-and-child drawing as a predictive and diagnostic tool in the therapy situation by investigating the correlation between college students7 mother and child drawings and their attachment, depression, and interpersonal relationships, The study participants were 610 students attending universities in Daegu, Gyeongbuk province, and Busan. The instruments included the mother-and-child drawing, an adult attachment scale, and an interpersonal relationship scale. The data were analyzed using a frequency analysis and one-way ANOVA on the SPSS 12.0 program.
First, the analysis of the participants7 mother-and-child drawings showed the following findings. The mother and child appeared with their whole body shown in many drawings. The sizes of the mother and child were average, the locations of the mother and child were largely appropriate, the facial expressions of the mother and child were friendly, and the number of the child in the drawings was largely one.
The size of the mother was proper. Human images appeared frequently, with few physical contacts and few eye contacts. In the number of additions, no additions were frequent. In the gender of the child, the same gender was frequent. The drawings and answers corresponded in many drawings. Closeness was expressed to the mother in many drawings. Many of the children in the drawings appeared to be a young child. Many of the mothers in the drawings appeared to be in their thirties. The frequent activity mothers and children did together in the drawings was shopping. Mothers and children in the drawings appeared to thinking about different things.
Second, the analysis on the correlation between the participant's mother-and-child drawings and their attachment types found the following findings. Attachment-avoidance was higher in the drawings with the mother and child showing their back view so their facial expressions could not be seen than the drawings with the mother and child making friendly facial expressions. Attachment-avoidance was higher in the drawings where the child was thinking about different things than the drawings where the children were thinking about their own things.
In closeness, attachment-avoidance was higher in the drawings where closeness was expressed only to the child, or only to the mother, or to the child and mother both than the drawings where closeness was not expressed. In attachment-anxiety, attachment-anxiety was higher in the drawings where the whole face parts of the mother and child were described than the drawings where 2 or 3 face parts were described. In closeness, attachment-anxiety was higher in the drawings where closeness was expressed only to the child or the mother than in the drawings where closeness was expressed to both the child and mother.
Third, the analysis on the correlation between the participant's mother-and-child drawings and their depression found the following findings. In the size of the child, depression was higher in the drawings with smaller faces than in those with large faces. Depression was higher in the drawings with no facial expressions or with the drawing images showing the back view than in the drawings with friendly facial expressions.
In the description of mother's face, describing one face part was the most frequent, followed by describing the whole face parts. Describing two or three face parts was the least frequent. In the facial expressions, the highest level of depression was found in the drawings with no facial expressions, followed by drawings with the back views or unfriendly facial expressions. The lowest level of depression was found in the drawings with friendly facial expressions.
In physical contact, a higher level of depression was found in the drawings with no physical contact or no contact with the child than in the drawings with physical contacts. A higher level of depression was found in the drawings where the mother and child were thinking about different things than in the drawings where the mother and child thinking about their own things.
In closeness, a higher level of depression was found in the drawings with no closeness than in the drawings where closeness was expressed only to the mother or to the mother and child both. The lowest level of depression was found in the drawings where closeness was expressed to both the child and mother.
Fourth, the analysis on the correlation between the participant's mother-and-child drawings and their interpersonal relationship found the following findings. Problems with interpersonal relationship were found more in the drawings where all face parts of the mother and child were described than in the drawings where two or three face parts were described. Problems with interpersonal relationship were found more in the drawings with friendly facial expressions than in the drawings with unfriendly facial expressions. In eye contact problems with interpersonal relationship were found more in the drawings with only child gazing at the mother than in the drawings with no eye contact between the mother and child. In closeness, problems with interpersonal relationship were found more in the drawings with no closeness or closeness expressed only to the child than in the drawings with closeness expressed to both the mother and child.
Significant differences were found with 10 variables in the correlation between mother-and-child drawings and attachment, significant differences with 8 variables in the correlation between mother-and-child drawings and depression, and significant differences with 5 variables in the correlation between mother-and-child drawings and interpersonal relationship. These findings suggest that the mother-and-child drawing test can predict the college students7 attachment issues, depression, and interpersonal relationships to some degree. However, the mother-and-child drawing test doesn't seem valid enough to be a determinant research instrument in the clinical situation given the limited sample size and the fact that the findings were only part of an analysis. However, this drawing test along with a questionnaire has a great value as a predictive tool. Through subsequent studies of this kind investigating various clinical groups a more stable scoring system needs to be established.
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