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I. 서론: 젊음의 문제적 형성과 1960년대 한국 교양소설의 출현 5

1. 연구 목적과 문제제기 5

2. 연구사 검토 9

3. 연구 방법론 20

1) 혁명과 쿠데타, 발전과 젊음의 변증법 20

2) 1960년대 문학의 '정치적 무의식'과 젊음의 특수성 29

3) 1960년대 한국 교양소설의 특징과 유형 38

II. 본론: 1960년대 한국 교양소설의 양식과 전개 43

1. 교양의 비판과 구축: 비판적 소설로서의 교양소설 43

1) 최인훈, 『광장』 50

2) 최인훈, 『회색인』 66

2. 자기세계와 자기기만의 변증법: 아이러니 소설로서의 교양소설 90

1) 김승옥, 『환상수첩』 96

2) 김승옥, 『내가 훔친 여름』 114

3. 속물주의와 진정성: 아나토미와 피카레스크 소설로서의 교양소설 133

1) 박태순, 『형성』 140

2) 박태순, 『낮에 나온 반달』 156

4. 자기와 공동체의 정체성 형성: 자기형성 소설로서의 교양소설 173

1) 김원일, 『어둠의 축제』 (1967) 180

2) 이동하, 『우울한 귀향』 195

III. 결론: 1960년대 한국 교양소설과 환영의 젊음 215

참고문헌 226

Abstract 235

초록보기

This study aims at considering special forms, patterns and history of Korean bildungsromans analyzing Korean bildungsromans in the 1960's published by 4.19 generation novelists, and investigates the meaning of youth implicit in narratives of bildungsromans and 'political unconsciousness' involved in modernity.

A bildungsroman is a literary genre of modern novels that embodies conflict and harmony between men and the world in various ways, which a young person will experience in the process of his formation while advancing towards the world. A youth is a symbolic form of modernity according to Franco Moretti. Endless self-innovation, mobility and uncertainty, desire of growth and development are the traits of both youth and modernity. A youth living in the modern age embodies endless 'mobility' of modernity. And he/she forms 'interiority' living in discord with the world. A youth is a symbolic sign implying 'modernity and its discontent', which bildungsromans expresses through their narratives. 'Bildung' in 'bildungsroman' is the concept which means individual's endeavor to build up of his/her character required for forming civil society and nation which have produced wealth and power and becoming a member of them. According to Hegel, 'bildung' involves the meaning of the labor of negativity. Therefore, the term of 'bildung' connoting negativity contains the criticism of civil society and nation. According to Michel Foucault, criticism, the legacy of western Enlightenment is the techinque invented not to be governed. Bildung is not only the mean of performing and polishing up these criticisms, but the very ideal of Enlightenment achieved through them.

So bildungsromans are closely related with the political mission(content) of the formation of civil society and nation, and become the adventure narrative(form) exploring the boundary of society and nation. In bildungsromans which have a lot of characteristics of adventure and exploration, plot is a most problem determining the form of bildungsroman genre. Plots of bildungsromans are divided into the 'classification' in which a youth tries to the harmony with the world and achieves the maturity and the 'transformation' in which he/she come into the conflict and discordance with the world.

Bildungsroman is a novel genre created in the modern west countries and, on the other hand, has flourished also in the non-western countries experiencing the process of colonialization and decolonialization. Korean people have experienced the modernity in very different way from westerners throughout the history of enlightenment, colonialization, division of territory, war and truce and so on. And eventually Korean bildungsromans began to appear, in which modern Koreans' experiences of modernity of are represented honestly. Lee Kwang Soo's Heartlessness(1917), the first novel in Korean modern age is a bildungsroman presenting ideas of enlightenment and civilization through the main character, a young educator.

Korean people who have experiences the liberation from Japanese colonial rule(1945), establishment of state(1948), Korean War(1950~53) encountered the shock of new modernity in the 1960's. The 1960's the age marked by the beginning of a series of phenomena like the (territorial) division system always reproducing irrationalities of Korean modern history, political democracy, and capitalistic modernization. And 4.19 Revolution (1960), and 5.16 military coup d'etat(1961) were the events corresponding 'the great transformations' in Korean modernity. Throughout these events, 'young people' began to rise as playing important roles starting and steering the political-economical changes of Korean society. Young people in that age have invented the cultural forms corresponding their experiences while undergoing two big events predicting drastic changes of Korean society in political-economical fields. Korean bildungsromans in the 1960's are the literary expression invented to accord with those cultural forms. This study focuses on bildungsromans written by young novelists of 4.19 generation, through which I inquired into the meaning of youth embodying the experiences of modernity and extract patterns and characteristics of Korean bildungsroman genre.

In the main body, this study focuses on th analysis of bildungsromans of Choi In Hoon(1936~), Kim Seung Ok(1941~), Park Tae Soon(1942~), Kim Won Il(1942~), Lee Dong Ha, (1942~). First, this study analyzes Square(1960) and Gray Man(1963~1964), Choi In Hoon's bildungsromans and defines them as critical fictions. Second, this study analyzes Illusion Notebook(1962) and Summer that I Stole(1967) of Kim Seung Ok's and defines them as irony fictions. Third, this study analyzes Formation(1966) and Halfmoon out During the Day(1969~1970) of Park Tae Soon's and defines them as anatomy and picaresque fictions. Finally, this study analyzes Festival of Darkness(1967) of Kim Won Il's and Gloomy Homecoming(1967) Lee Dong Ha's bildungsromans and defines them as self-formation fictions.

In Korean bildungsromans in the 1960's, experiences of 4.19 Revolution, 5.16 military coup d'etat and Korean War coexists as a form of synchronism of non-synchronism(Gleichzeitigkeit des Ungleichzeitigen). Novelists who have grown up with trauma of war regarded war as destruction of human morality(Sittlichkeit). And heros of Korean bildungsromans in the 1960's go on their own way in order to recover human morality asking the development of self can be accompanied with the developement of society. In those times, young people in Korean bildungsromans began their adventure with hope of better life, but eventually they would come into conflict with the compressed growth which 'mobilized modernization' of Park Jung Hee's military dictatorship had pursued. The development of individuals never did accompany with the development of society, and the youth were separated from society or forced to become socialization(nationalization).

Feeling of chronic fatigue, symptom of premature old age and sudden suicide and so on are inscribed in bildungsromans of those age, sad portraits of deserted youth. In the society(nation) compelling the compressed growth of underdevelopement, the youth was no better than phantom. According to Jed Esty's way of expression, the youth of Korean bildungsromans in the 1960's is 'unseasonable youth' and the formation of unseasonable youth is 'phantom formation'(Marc Redfield).

Korean bildungsromans in the 1960's preempts forms and contens of Korean bildungsromans and produced models of youth corresponding the experiences of modernity of Korean people's. This study is the first step the ascription of meaning to genre and history of Korean bildungsromans, which will continue with further research and consideration.

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