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Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
ABBREVIATIONS 9
I. INTRODUCTION 10
1. Statement of the Problem 12
2. Research Question 14
3. Purpose and Rationale of the Reserch 14
4. Operational Definition of Concepts 15
1) Cultural Tourism 15
2) Sustainable Development 18
II. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK 21
1. Cultural Tourism for Sustainable Development Paradigm 21
2. Four Dimensions of Community Participation Framework 22
III. LITERATURE REVIEW 26
1. Cultural Tourism for Urban Regeneration and Development in Developed Cities 26
2. Cultural Tourism as a Tool for Development in Developing Countries 29
IV. METHODOLOGY 35
V. VIGAN CITY: AN OVERVIEW 39
1. History 39
2. Livelihood 40
3. Heritage and Culture 40
VI. VIGAN HERITAGE CONSERVATION PROGRAM: EMPIRICAL POLICY ANALYSIS 42
1. VHCP: Content Analysis 43
2. VHCP: Strategy Analysis 47
3. VHCP: Output Analysis 53
1) Inscription into UNESCO’s World Heritage List 54
2) Creation of Tourist Destinations and Attractions 55
3) Creation of Year-round Cultural Events and Festivals 56
4) Strengthening of Vigan’s Traditional Industries and Arts 58
5) City Promotion Through Technology 59
6) Skills Training for Cultural Tourism 60
7) Building of Local Economic Enterprises and Facilities 61
8) Tourism-related Conservation of the Environment 62
4. VHCP: Outcome Analysis 64
1) Direct Impacts to Vigan’s Economic and Socio-cultural Sector 64
2) Indirect Impacts to Other Sectors 68
VII. Discussion and Implications 72
1. Discussion of Findings 72
1) Local Participation and Empowerment 73
2) Good Governance 76
3) Strong Local and International Ties 78
2. Data Implications 79
VIII. RECOMMENDATIONS AND CONCLUSION 84
1. Policy Recommendations 84
2. Recommendations for Future Research 86
3. Conclusion 88
Appendices 91
A. Photos of Vigan Ancestral Homes and Architecture 91
B. Questionnaire for Vigan Tourism Officer 93
C. Follow-up Questions for Vigan Tourism Officer 94
D. Questionnaire for Local Residents of Vigan City 95
E. Vigan’s Tourist Influx from 2005-2013 96
Bibliography 99
Table 2.1. Wilson and Wilde Four Dimensions of Community Participation 23
Table 2.2. The Benchmarks of Community Participation 24
Table 5.1. Vigan City Year-round Festivals 57
Table 6.1. Vigan's Total Tourist Influx from 2005-2013 65
Table 6.2. Vigan's Poverty Incidence from 2008-2013 66
Table 6.3. Philippine National Poverty Incidence 67
Figure 1.1. Three Aspects of the Developmental System 20
Figure 7.1. Diagram of the Contribution of Vigan's Cultural Tourism for Sustainable Development 72
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