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Title Page
ABSTRACT
Contents
I. INTRODUCTION 15
II. THE REVIEW OF VEGETATION CLASSIFICATION STUDIES 18
III. THE BAEKDUDAEGAN IN SOUTH KOREA 21
IV. VEGETATION SURVEY 25
1. Introduction 25
2. Methodology 27
2-1. Study Sites 27
2-2. Data Collection 30
2-3. Species-Sample Curve 34
2-4. Outlier Treatment 36
3. Results 39
3-1. Taxon Composition of Woody Plants 39
3-2. Adjustment of Dataset for Statistical Analysis 41
V. CLASSIFICATION OF FORESTS 52
1. Introduction 52
2. Methodology 54
2-1. Cluster Analysis 54
2-2. Indicator Species Analysis 55
2-3. Multiple Discriminant Analysis 57
2-4. Species Composition 59
2-5. Naming of Classified Forests 60
3. Results 62
3-1. The Procedure of Classification in Case of Hyangnobong and Beakhwasan 62
3-2. Classified Forests for All 20 Study Sites 72
VI. FOREST COVER TYPES OF THE BAEKDUDAEGAN 87
1. Introduction 87
2. Methodology 88
3. Results 90
VII. DISCUSSION: ECO-INTERPRETATIONS OF FOREST COVER TYPES FOR THE BAEKDUDAEGAN 101
1. Mongolian oak forest cover type 101
2. Mongolian oak and other deciduous forest cover type 104
3. Oak forest cover type 107
4. Korean red pine forest cover type 111
5. Korean red pine and oak forest cover type 114
6. Ash forest cover type 117
7. Mixed mesophytic forest cover type 120
8. Miscellaneous forest cover type 123
9. Subalpine zone coniferous forest cover type 125
VIII. CONCLUDING REMARKS 126
IX. LITERATURE CITED 128
요약 153
Table 1. The previous studies in South Korea using qualitative raw data. 18
Table 2. The previous studies in South Korea using quantitative raw data. 19
Table 3. The previous foreign studies using quantitative raw data. 20
Table 4. The studies of vegetation classification conducted in some mountains of the Baekdudaegan. 23
Table 5. The number of sample points collected from each study site. 33
Table 6. The number of sample points and species of subjects for multivariate analysis. 51
Table 7. The confusion matrix summarizes the reclassification of the predicted group membership. 66
Table 8. Importance value of major tree species in the upper story of each cluster. 67
Table 9. The confusion matrix summarized the reclassification of the predicted eight (top) and five (bottom) groups membership. 70
Table 10. Importance value of major tree species when forest types were classified into five. 71
Table 11. The number and name of classified forest in each study site. 85
Table 12. Mean values of percentage similarity index of 'Mongolian oak' and 'Mongolian oak and other deciduous' forest cover type. 93
Table 13. Mean values of percentage similarity index of 'Oak' and 'Korean red pine' forest cover type. 95
Table 14. Mean values of percentage similarity index of 'Korean red pine and Oak' and 'Ash' forest cover type. 96
Table 15. Mean values of percentage similarity index of 'Mixed mesophytic' and 'Subalpine zone coniferous' forest cover type. 98
Table 16. Species composition in the upper story of Mixed mesophytic forest cover type. 98
Table 17. Mean values of percentage similarity index of Miscellaneous forest cover type. 100
Table 18. Species composition of the upper story in 'Mongolian oak' and 'Mongolian oak and other deciduous' forest cover type. 104
Table 19. Species composition of the upper and mid-story in Korean red pine and Oak forest cover type. 114
Table 20. Species composition of the upper story in Ash forest cover type. 117
Table 21. Species composition in the mid-story of Mixed mesophytic forest cover type. 122
Figure 1. Range of Baekdudaegan in South Korea. 22
Figure 2. Twenty study sites along the Baekdudaegan. 28
Figure 3. Geographical feature of study sites. 29
Figure 4. In point-centered quarter sampling, determine the shortest point to plant distance (di) in each of four quadrants.(이미지참조) 32
Figure 5. The proportion of woody plant families presented in all study sites. 39
Figure 6. Species-sample curve (heavy line) of before (left) and after (right) eliminating the outliers in Hyangnobong. 42
Figure 7. Species-sample curve (heavy line) of before (left) and after (right) eliminating the outliers in each study site. 49
Figure 8. Steps in classifying forests. 53
Figure 9. The criteria of importance value for forests naming. 60
Figure 10. Dendrogram from hierarchical cluster analysis of species in each sample point using the Euclidean distance measure and the Ward's method for... 63
Figure 11. Result of indicator species analysis from step 2 to 10 during the clustering process in Hyangnobong. 64
Figure 12. Results of the multiple discriminant analysis along the first and second discriminant axes. 65
Figure 13. Result of indicator species analysis from step 2 to 10 during the clustering process in Beakhwasan. 68
Figure 14. Being predicted eight groups (left) and five groups (right), results of the multiple discriminant analysis along the first and second discriminant axes. 69
Figure 15. The forests identified in Hyangnobong using various multivariate analysis methods. N means number of sample points. 72
Figure 16. The forests identified in Seoraksan using various multivariate analysis methods. N means number of sample points. 73
Figure 17. The forests identified in Odaesan using various multivariate analysis methods. N means number of sample points. 74
Figure 18. The forests identified in each study site using various multivariate analysis methods. N means number of sample points. 84
Figure 19. Examples of hierarchical structure of forest cover types for the Baekdudaegan. 88
Figure 20. Matrix of percentage similarity index comparing the 111 classified forests, distinguished nine forest cover types (Box A ~ I). Bold lines were to separate forests cover types. Double lines in box H were to divide forest... 91
Figure 21. Hierarchical structure of nine forest cover types for the Baekdudaegan. 92
Figure 22. Topographic positions of Ash forest cover type. 97
Figure 23. Above sea level of Subalpine zone coniferous forest cover type. 99
Figure 24. Species composition of the mid-story in Mongolian oak forest cover type. 102
Figure 25. Species composition of the mid-story in Mongolian oak and other deciduous forest cover type. 105
Figure 26. *Latitude and **altitude (m, Min.-Max./Ave.) of Oak forest cover type. 108
Figure 27. Compositional ratio of oak species in each stratum. 109
Figure 28. Species composition of the mid-story in Korean red pine forest cover type. 111
Figure 29. Compositional ratio of oak species and Korean red pine for the mid-story of each forest cover type. 115
Figure 30. Species composition of the mid-story in Ash tree forest cover type. The black and white bars shows the value of ash tree and maple tree,... 118
Figure 31. Topographic positions (left) and above sea level (right) of 'Mixed mesophytic' and 'Ash' forest cover type. 121
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