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Title Page

BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCH

Contents

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS 9

GENERAL INTRODUCTION 11

MATERIAL AND METHODS 13

RESULTS 18

CHAPTER 1. Oxyresveratrol induces autophagy, independent of apoptosis, through PI3K/AKT/mTOR inhibition and p38 MAPK activation in neuroblastoma cells 19

ABSTRACT 20

INTRODUCTION 21

RESULTS 23

DISCUSSION 38

CHAPTER 2. 18-α-Glycyrrhetinic acid induces apoptosis and autophagy without ROS and ES stress-mediated pathways in neuroblastoma cells 41

ABSTRACT 42

INTRODUCTION 43

RESULTS 45

DISCUSSION 56

CHAPTER 3. Transient deactivation of mTORC1 evidenced by gambogic acid facilitates autophagic flux, which counteracts with apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells 59

ABSTRACT 60

INTRODUCTION 61

RESULTS 63

DISCUSSION 80

GENERAL DISCUSSION 83

REFERENCES 85

ABSTRACT 93

국문초록 95

List of Figures

Figure 1-1. OxyR induced growth inhibition via apoptosis and cell cycle arrested. 24

Figure 1-2. OxyR regulate mitochrondiral apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. 26

Figure 1-3. OxyR altered the expression of apoptosis-related protein caspases in neuroblastoma cells. 27

Figure 1-4. Blockage of caspase-3 attenuates OxyR-mediated apoptosis. 29

Figure 1-5. OxyR upregulates autophagy signaling cascades in neuroblastoma cells. 31

Figure 1-6. Inhibition of autophagy protects in OxyR-induces autophagic flux in SH-SY5Y... 32

Figure 1-7. OxyR causes autophagy-independent cell death in MEF Atg7 KO cells. 34

Figure 1-8. OxyR inactivate PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathways in neuroblastoma cells. 35

Figure 1-9. OxyR activates on the MAPK signaling pathways in neuroblastoma cells. 37

Figure 2-1. 18-GA decresases cellular viability via apoptosis process. 46

Figure 2-2. 18-GA decreases the expression of defferent MAPK in neuroblastoma cells. 47

Figure 2-3. 18-GA regulates mitochrondiral apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells. 48

Figure 2-4. 18-GA increases the expression of caspase-9 and -3 in neuroblastoma cells. 49

Figure 2-5. Blockage of caspase-3 attenuates OxyR-mediated apoptosis. 51

Figure 2-6. 18-GA upregulates autophagy signaling cascades in neuroblastoma cells 52

Figure 2-7. Inhibition of autophagy protects in 18-GA-induces autophagic flux in SH-SY5Y... 53

Figure 2-8. 18-GA induces autophagy and apoptosis are not involved by ROS and ER stress mediated... 55

Figure 3-1. GA inhibits MEK-ERK pathway to check the cell proliferation rather than mitochondrial... 64

Figure 3-2. GA administration induces mitochondrial mediated caspase activation to induce apoptosis. 65

Figure 3-3. GA-induces autophagy in NB cells. 67

Figure 3-4. GA-induced autophagy contributed in the cell death process. 69

Figure 3-5. Atg5/7 controls autophagy but not apoptosis with GA. 70

Figure 3-6. Autophagy in GA-pathway counteracts with apoptosis. 72

Figure 3-7. Role of mTOR1 in autophagy and apoptosis with GA. 74

Figure 3-8. Early deactivation of mTOR1 activity by GA facilitates autophagosome formation and... 75

Figure 3-9. Higher mTOR1 activity relates with apoptosis in GA-death pathway. 76

Figure 3-10. p38 holds an important node to regulate cell death. 78

Figure 3-11. ROS which was apparently generated within mitochondria controls both the process of... 79

초록보기

다양한 종류의 암세포를 사멸시키는 주요 기작으로서 자가세포사멸과정이 있으나, 몇 몇 암들은 자가세포사멸과정에 의해 사멸되지 않는 문제가 대두 되고 있는 바, 새로운 기전의 암세포 사멸과정에 관한 연구가 절실한 실정이다. 이에 우리는 뽕나무에서 발견하는 천연 항산화 물질인 OxyR(Oxyresveratrol)이 신경모세포종에서 Apoptosis 과정과 별개로 Autophagic flux를 조절하여 세포사멸을 일으키는 것을 확인하였다 OxyR 처리를 통해 Autophagy(자식작용)과 관련된 단백질과 LC3에 의한 지질화를 발현시키는 것을 확인하였고, Autophagy억제제로 알려진 3-MA 처리 시 Autophagy를 보호하는 반면 Apoptosis를 가속화 하는 것을 확인하였다. 또한 Autophagy-결핍 MEF (Mouse embryonic fibroblast) 세포를 OxyR 은 Autophagic flux를 조절하지 않고 Apoptosis만을 유도하는 것을 확인하였다.

대안실험으로 OxyR을 처리한 신경모세포종에 Z-DEVD-FMK 와 Caspase-3 siRNA을 처리한 결과 Autophagy에 어떠한 손상 없이 Apoptosis가 진행중인 세포를 부분적으로 치료함을 확인하였다. 추가적 실험으로 OxyR 처리 시 농도에 따라 PI3K / AKT / mTOR의 신호가 감소하였으며 이에 Rapamycin 과 Wormannin 추가 처리 시 OxyR에 의한 치사(lethality)가 증폭되었다. 반대로 p38의 인산화(phosphorylation)는 OxyR을 증가시키고 이에 SB203580 처리를 통한억제 작용 시 세포사멸을 감소 시켰다. 결과적으로, OxyR은 P38-MAPK 활성화 및 Akt의 / mTOR의 경로의 억제작용을 통하여 Apoptosis 기작과 별개적인 Autophagic 세포 사멸 기작을 유도하고 이를 통해 세포 사멸 결핍 신경모세포종에 대한 새로운 잠재적 치료 시약으로 제안한다.

갭 정션 억제제(gap junction inhibitor)로 알려진 18-α -Glycyrrhetinic acid (18-GA)는 신경모세포종의 생존율 저하 및 세포 사멸을 유도하며 정상세포에는 최소의 영향을 끼친다. 우리는 18-GA가 세포 내에서 잠재적인 미토-겐 활성화 단백질 키나아제 (MAPK) 억제작용을 하는 것을 확인하였으며, 18-GA가 고유의 Apoptosis 기작을 유도하는 MMP에 크게 영향을 미치는 것을 확인하였다. 그러나, Caspase-3 억제제 와 siRNA을 처리시 Autophagy 기작에 영향을 받지 않고 부분적으로 세포 생존력을 보호하며 Caspase-3발현을 감쇠시킴을 확인하였다. 또한 18-GA는 Autophagic 단백질을 증가시키고 3-MA 처리시 Apoptosis 기작의 왕성한 발현에도 Autophagy 를 보호한다. 최종적으로, 신경모세포종에 18-GA를 농도 별 처리에 활성 산소(ROS) 및 소포체(ER) 스트레스 단백질 발현이 따라 조절됨을 확인하였다. 결과적으로 우리는 18-GA의 Apoptosis 기작과 별개적으로 Autophagic 세포 사멸 유도를 통하며 이러한 천현화합물이 악성 신경모세포종에 대한 항암 작용제로 유용할 것임을 검증하였다.

Gambogic acid (GA) 는 몇몇 암세포에서 세포사멸을 유도하는 작용제로 알려져있다. 본 연구에서는 세포 사멸-Autophagy 과 Apoptosis 이 두 가지 기작 사이의 메커니즘을 요약하였다. 우리는 신경모세포종에 다양한 농도의 GA를 처리 결과 Caspase 와 별개의 비-Apoptotic 세포사멸을 확인하였으며, 이러한 GA의 처리는 산성리소좀 액포를 형성시키는 LC3II 지질의 전환을 향상시킴을 확인하였다. 흥미롭게도Autophagy 억제제와 mTORC1의 활성 혹은 TSC1를 감소시키는 Atg5 와 Atg7 들이 Caspase 와 별개로 Apoptosis를 유도함을 확인하였다. 또한 Autophagy 기작을 차단하는 상황에서, Pan-caspase 억제제에 의한 약학적 mTORC1의 억제는Caspase 와 별개로 세포사멸을 감소시켰다. 추가로 초기 처리 과정 시, GA-과도촉진에 의한 mTORC1의 불활성화는 신경아종세포에서 Apoptosis와 반작용적인 Autophagy 기작을 유도함을 확인하였다. 따라서, 본 연구는 GA 처리를 통한 세포 사멸의 기본 분자 메커니즘에 새로운 이해를 제공하며, Autophagy와 Apoptosis의 두 기작의 균형을 제어하는 새로운 항암제로서의 개발 가능성을 제시한다.

참고문헌 (101건) : 자료제공( 네이버학술정보 )

참고문헌 목록에 대한 테이블로 번호, 참고문헌, 국회도서관 소장유무로 구성되어 있습니다.
번호 참고문헌 국회도서관 소장유무
1 Molecular biology of neuroblastoma 네이버 미소장
2 Cell-State-Specific Metabolic Dependency in Hematopoiesis and Leukemogenesis 네이버 미소장
3 Use of herbal medicines and natural products: An alternative approach to overcoming the apoptotic resistance of pancreatic cancer 네이버 미소장
4 Neuroblastoma in the neonate 네이버 미소장
5 Neuroblastoma 네이버 미소장
6 Medicinal Plants and Other Living Organisms with Antitumor Potential against Lung Cancer 네이버 미소장
7 Autophagy and cell death to target cancer cells: exploiting synthetic lethality as cancer therapies. 네이버 미소장
8 Molecular approaches towards development of purified natural products and their structurally known derivatives as efficient anti-cancer drugs: Current trends 네이버 미소장
9 Oncogene amplification in solid tumors 네이버 미소장
10 Mitochondria: pharmacological manipulation of cell death. 네이버 미소장
11 Antitumor efficacy of intermittent treatment schedules with the rapamycin derivative RAD001 correlates with prolonged inactivation of ribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. 네이버 미소장
12 Blood–brain barrier permeability to the neuroprotectant oxyresveratrol 네이버 미소장
13 Clinical Oncology: The Early Years 네이버 미소장
14 The role of apoptosis in cancer development and treatment response 네이버 미소장
15 Molecular biology of neuroblastoma 네이버 미소장
16 Life and death partners: apoptosis, autophagy and the cross-talk between them 네이버 미소장
17 Caspase inhibitors 네이버 미소장
18 The Atg8 and Atg12 ubiquitin-like conjugation systems in macroautophagy. 'Protein modifications: beyond the usual suspects' review series. 네이버 미소장
19 Autophagy as a cell death and tumor suppressor mechanism. 네이버 미소장
20 Autophagy 네이버 미소장
21 The Hallmarks of Cancer 네이버 미소장
22 Cathepsin L mediates resveratrol-induced autophagy and apoptotic cell death in cervical cancer cells. 네이버 미소장
23 Rheb GTPase is a direct target of TSC2 GAP activity and regulates mTOR signaling. 네이버 미소장
24 Beta-secretase (BACE1)-inhibiting stilbenoids from Smilax Rhizoma. 네이버 미소장
25 JNK and p38 MAPK regulate oxidative stress and the inflammatory response in chlorpyrifos-induced apoptosis 네이버 미소장
26 Oxyresveratrol and Hydroxystilbene Compounds 네이버 미소장
27 Autophagy: from basic science to clinical application. 네이버 미소장
28 2003. Oxyresveratrol and resveratrol are potent antioxidants and free radical scavengers: effect on nitrosative and oxidative stress derived from microglial cells. Nitric oxide : biology and chemistry / official journal of the Nitric Oxide Society, 9(2), pp.64-76. 미소장
29 Neuroblastoma 네이버 미소장
30 Hepatoprotective and free radical scavenging activities of prenylflavonoids, coumarin, and stilbene from Morus alba. 네이버 미소장
31 Constituents of the bark and twigs of Artocarpus dadah with cyclooxygenase inhibitory activity. 네이버 미소장
32 Autophagosome formation: core machinery and adaptations 네이버 미소장
33 An overview of the molecular mechanism of autophagy. 네이버 미소장
34 Mammalian autophagy: core molecular machinery and signaling regulation 네이버 미소장
35 The BCL-2 protein family: opposing activities that mediate cell death 네이버 미소장
36 The MAPK pathway across different malignancies: a new perspective. 네이버 미소장
37 Growth factor transduction pathways: paradigm of anti-neoplastic targeted therapy. 네이버 미소장
38 RAF signaling in neuroendocrine neoplasms: From bench to bedside 네이버 미소장
39 Targeting apoptosis for anticancer therapy. 네이버 미소장
40 Synthesis of novel heterocyclic ring-fused 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives with antitumor and antimetastatic activity. 네이버 미소장
41 Blockade of gap junction coupling by glycyrrhetinic acids in guinea pig cochlear artery: A whole‐cell voltage‐ and current‐clamp study 네이버 미소장
42 Inflammation and Edema in the Lung and Kidney of Hemorrhagic Shock Rats Are Alleviated by Biliary Tract External Drainage via the Heme Oxygenase-1 Pathway 네이버 미소장
43 2014. 18beta-Glycyrrhetinic acid suppresses cell proliferation through inhibiting thromboxane synthase in non-small cell lung cancer. PloS one, 9(4), p.e93690. 미소장
44 Multikinase inhibitors use in differentiated thyroid carcinoma. 네이버 미소장
45 2014. 18beta-Glycyrrhetinic acid suppresses TNF-alpha induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 and vascular endothelial growth factor by suppressing the Akt-dependent NFkappaB pathway. Toxicology in vitro : an international journal published in association with BIBRA, 28(5), pp.751-758. 미소장
46 The Beclin 1 network regulates autophagy and apoptosis 네이버 미소장
47 The role of gap junctions in mediating endothelium‐dependent responses to bradykinin in myometrial small arteries isolated from pregnant women 네이버 미소장
48 Cancer metabolism: strategic diversion from targeting cancer drivers to targeting cancer suppliers. 소장
49 pp-GalNAc-T13 induces high metastatic potential of murine Lewis lung cancer by generating trimeric Tn antigen 네이버 미소장
50 Mechanism of autophagic regulation in carcinogenesis and cancer therapeutics 네이버 미소장
51 Neuroblastoma: Biology, Prognosis, and Treatment 네이버 미소장
52 2014. 18beta-glycyrrhetinic acid attenuates anandamide-induced adiposity and high-fat diet induced obesity. Molecular nutrition & food research, 58(7), pp.1436-1446. 미소장
53 Molecular approaches towards development of purified natural products and their structurally known derivatives as efficient anti-cancer drugs: Current trends 네이버 미소장
54 18 alpha -glycyrrhetinic acid targets prostate cancer cells by down-regulating inflammation-related genes 네이버 미소장
55 Calpain, Atg5 and Bak play important roles in the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy induced by influx of extracellular calcium 네이버 미소장
56 Targeting autophagy enhances sorafenib lethality for hepatocellular carcinoma via ER stress-related apoptosis 네이버 미소장
57 Inhibition of autophagy potentiates the antitumor effect of the multikinase inhibitor sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma. 네이버 미소장
58 Gene profiling of high risk neuroblastoma. 네이버 미소장
59 Targeting molecular addictions in cancer 네이버 미소장
60 Design, synthesis and in vitro evaluation of 18β-glycyrrhetinic acid derivatives for anticancer activity against human breast cancer cell line MCF-7. 네이버 미소장
61 Calpain-mediated cleavage of Atg5 switches autophagy to apoptosis 네이버 미소장
62 Green tea and prevention of esophageal and lung cancers. 네이버 미소장
63 Inhibition of Akt reverses the acquired resistance to sorafenib by switching protective autophagy to autophagic cell death in hepatocellular carcinoma. 네이버 미소장
64 Autophagy in cancer. 네이버 미소장
65 Update on the management of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting – focus on palonosetron 네이버 미소장
66 2013. 18alpha-glycyrrhetinic acid extracted from Glycyrrhiza radix inhibits proliferation and promotes apoptosis of the hepatic stellate cell line. Journal of digestive diseases, 14(6), pp.328-336. 미소장
67 The pathways of mitophagy for quality control and clearance of mitochondria. 네이버 미소장
68 Autophagy Protein Atg3 is Essential for Maintaining Mitochondrial Integrity and for Normal Intracellular Development of Toxoplasma gondii Tachyzoites 네이버 미소장
69 A key role for autophagy and the autophagy gene Atg16l1 in mouse and human intestinal Paneth cells 네이버 미소장
70 Gambogic acid induces death of K562 cells through autophagy and apoptosis mechanisms. 네이버 미소장
71 Mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization during apoptosis: the innocent bystander scenario 네이버 미소장
72 Autophagy and signaling: their role in cell survival and cell death 네이버 미소장
73 Mitophagy: mechanisms, pathophysiological roles, and analysis. 네이버 미소장
74 mTORC1-Mediated Cell Proliferation, But Not Cell Growth, Controlled by the 4E-BPs 네이버 미소장
75 Autophagy: A lysosomal degradation pathway with a central role in health and disease 네이버 미소장
76 During autophagy mitochondria elongate, are spared from degradation and sustain cell viability. 네이버 미소장
77 Regulation of survival, proliferation, invasion, angiogenesis, and metastasis of tumor cells through modulation of inflammatory pathways by nutraceuticals 네이버 미소장
78 The role of PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in the modulation of autophagy and the clearance of protein aggregates in neurodegeneration 네이버 미소장
79 Gambogic acid induced oxidative stress dependent caspase activation regulates both apoptosis and autophagy by targeting various key molecules (NF-κB, Beclin-1, p62 and NBR1) in human bladder cancer cells 네이버 미소장
80 Arsenic trioxide induces autophagic cell death in malignant glioma cells by upregulation of mitochondrial cell death protein BNIP3. 네이버 미소장
81 mTORC1 serves ER stress-triggered apoptosis via selective activation of the IRE1-JNK pathway. 네이버 미소장
82 Mitochondria and mitophagy: the yin and yang of cell death control. 네이버 미소장
83 Autophagy 네이버 미소장
84 Cell Signaling by Receptor Tyrosine Kinases 네이버 미소장
85 Celastrol induces apoptosis and autophagy via the ROS/JNK signaling pathway in human osteosarcoma cells: an in vitro and in vivo study 네이버 미소장
86 Starvation-induced autophagy is regulated by mitochondrial reactive oxygen species leading to AMPK activation 네이버 미소장
87 Mitochondrial ROS generation for regulation of autophagic pathways in cancer 네이버 미소장
88 Neuroblastoma 네이버 미소장
89 Autophagy 네이버 미소장
90 Gambogenic acid kills lung cancer cells through aberrant autophagy. 네이버 미소장
91 mTORC1 Controls Mitochondrial Activity and Biogenesis through 4E-BP-Dependent Translational Regulation 네이버 미소장
92 STRADalpha deficiency results in aberrant mTORC1 signaling during corticogenesis in humans and mice. 네이버 미소장
93 Role of mTOR, Bad, and Survivin in RasGAP Fragment N-Mediated Cell Protection. 네이버 미소장
94 Gambogic acid inhibits STAT3 phosphorylation through activation of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1: potential role in proliferation and apoptosis. 네이버 미소장
95 Cytotoxic effect of gambogic acid on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells is mediated by intrinsic caspase-dependent signaling pathway 네이버 미소장
96 Calpain, Atg5 and Bak play important roles in the crosstalk between apoptosis and autophagy induced by influx of extracellular calcium 네이버 미소장
97 p38 and JNK MAPK pathways control the balance of apoptosis and autophagy in response to chemotherapeutic agents 네이버 미소장
98 Receptor tyrosine kinases and targeted cancer therapeutics. 네이버 미소장
99 Antioxidants can inhibit basal autophagy and enhance neurodegeneration in models of polyglutamine disease. 네이버 미소장
100 Biology and trafficking of ATG9 and ATG16L1, two proteins that regulate autophagosome formation 네이버 미소장
101 General pharmacological properties, developmental toxicity, and analgesic activity of gambogic acid, a novel natural anticancer agent. 네이버 미소장