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대표형(전거형, Authority) | 생물정보 | 이형(異形, Variant) | 소속 | 직위 | 직업 | 활동분야 | 주기 | 서지 | |
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Title Page
Abstract
Contents
CHAPTER 1. Introduction 14
1.1. Ionic liquids and deep eutectic solvents 15
1.2. Bioactive compounds 27
1.3. Biofuel 31
1.4. Biomass 33
1.5. Purpose of this thesis 34
CHAPTER 2. Experimental 35
2.1. Chemicals 36
2.1.1. Bioactive compounds 36
2.1.2. Biofuel 37
2.2. Instruments 38
2.2.1. Bioactive compounds 38
2.2.2. Biofuel 39
2.3. Methods 39
2.3.1. Application of eco-friendly solvents in bioactive compounds 39
2.3.1.1. Extraction of flavonoids 39
2.3.1.2. Headspace single-drop microextraction (HS-SME) of terpenoids 44
2.3.1.3. Adsorption of lactic acid and ferulic acid 45
2.3.1.4. Size exclusion chromatography for separation of polysaccharides 50
2.3.2. Application of eco-friendly solvents in biofuel 52
2.3.2.1. Adsorption of ethanol from bioethanol fuel 52
2.3.2.2. Preparation and separation of biodiesel 57
CHAPTER 3. Results and Discussions 59
3.1. Bioactive compounds 60
3.1.1. Eco-friendly solvents as additives in extractions 60
3.1.1.1. Extraction of flavonoids by ILs 60
3.1.1.2. Headspace single-drop microextraction of terpenoids by DESs 72
3.1.2. Eco-friendly solvents modified materials as separation media 78
3.1.2.1. Adsorption of lactic acid by ionic liquids based polymers 78
3.1.2.2. Adsorption of ferulic acid by deep eutectic solvents based silica 90
3.1.2.3 Separation of polysaccharides by DESs based size exclusion chromatography 97
3.2. Biofuel 108
3.2.1. ILs based polymers as separation media to bioethanlol 108
3.2.2. DESs as catalysts in preparation of biodiesel 123
Conclusions 130
Summary in Korean 132
References 133
Appendix 6
1. Dehydration of ethanol by facile synthesized glucose-based silica 144
2. Using linear solvation energy relationship model to study the retention factor of solute in liquid chromatography 145
3. Development of gas chromatography analysis of fatty acids in marine organisms 146
4. Optimized analytical conditions of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids in Antarctic Krill using gas chromatography 147
5. Zinc ion doped solid-phase extraction of eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from Antarctic Krill 148
List of publication 149
Fig. 1-1. Some HBD and HBA counterparts that can be combined to form a DES. 26
Fig. 2-1. Preparation scheme of the ionic liquid-modified porous polymer. 46
Fig. 2-2. (a) Preparation of ClChCl-Urea DES. (b) Synthesis of DES-based silica. (c) Ion exchange mechanism between ClChCl-Urea modified silica and ferulic acid. 49
Fig. 2-3. Schematic flow diagram of the experimental procedure. 53
Fig. 3-1. Effect of conventional methods and solvents on the amount of flavonoids extracted from CO leaves. 61
Fig. 3-2. Comparison of the extractions based on [EMIM][Br] as an additive with no additives on the amount of flavonoids extracted from CO leaves. 62
Fig. 3-3. Effect of the chain length of the 1-MIM series ILs cations on the amount of flavonoids extracted from CO leaves. 64
Fig. 3-4. Effect of anions on the amount of flavonoids extracted from CO leaves. 65
Fig. 3-5. Effects of factors, X₁, X₂ and X₃ on R₁, R₂, R₃ and R₄ shown in RSM. 71
Fig. 3-6. Concentrations of the three terpenoids (a) in the different solvents of HS-SME. 73
Fig. 3-7. Concentrations of the three terpenoids by HS-SME at different temperatures in DES-3. 74
Fig. 3-8. Concentrations of the three terpenoids by HS-SME for different time. 75
Fig. 3-9. Concentrations of the three terpenoids in HS-SME at different sample/DES-3 ratios. 77
Fig. 3-10. Comparison of HS-SME, ultrasonic extraction and heat flux extraction of the three terpenoids from CO. 78
Fig. 3-11. FT-IR spectra of all ionic liquid-modified porous polymers. 79
Fig. 3-12. SEM images of PIM (A), PMIM (B) and PEIM (C). 79
Fig. 3-13. Adsorption kinetics curves of lactic acid at an initial lactic acid concentration of 10 ㎎/mL and 20 ℃ 82
Fig. 3-14. Adsorption kinetics curves of lactic acid at an initial lactic acid concentration of 10 ㎎/mL and at different temperatures. 82
Fig. 3-15. Effect of the amount of adsorbents on the adsorption of lactic acid. 84
Fig. 3-16. Langmuir isotherm model for lactic acid adsorption on PIM, PMIM and PEIM. 88
Fig. 3-17. Freundlich isotherm model for lactic acid adsorption on PIM, PMIM and PEIM. 89
Fig. 3-18. Temkion isotherm model for lactic acid adsorption on PIM, PMIM and PEIM. 89
Fig. 3-19. FT-IR spectra of DES-modified silica. 92
Fig. 3-20. (a) Nitrogen adsorption-desorption isotherms. (b) Pore volume distributions in the nitrogen adsorption-desorption process. (c) Pore area distributions in the nitrogen adsorption-desorption process. 93
Fig. 3-21. Effects of time and adsorbent amount on the adsorption. 96
Fig. 3-22. Effects of the initial concentration on the adsorption. 96
Fig. 3-23. Low-magnification SEM images of the mesoporous silica sphere based DES-1 (a), DES-2 (b) and DES-3 (c). 99
Fig. 3-24. (a) Isotherm, pore volume distribution and pore area distribution of the mesoporous silica sphere-based DES-1 in the nitrogen adsorption-desorption process. 100
Fig. 3-24. (b) Isotherm, pore volume distribution and pore area distribution of the mesoporous silica sphere-based DES-2 in the nitrogen adsorption-desorption process. 101
Fig. 3-24. (c) Isotherm, pore volume distribution and pore area distribution of the mesoporous silica sphere-based DES-3 in the nitrogen adsorption-desorption process. 101
Fig. 3-25. Molecular structures of the three macromolecules. 102
Fig. 3-26. (a) Amounts of alginic acid adsorbed on the three DESs modified silica spheres. 103
Fig. 3-26. (b) Amounts of fucoidan adsorbed on the three DESs modified silica spheres. 104
Fig. 3-26. (c) Amounts of laminarin adsorbed on the three DESs modified silica spheres. 104
Fig. 3-27. Separation of the alginic acid, fucoidan and laminarin standards by the three HP-SEC columns 107
Fig. 3-28. FTIR spectra of poly([VHIM][Tf₂N]). 108
Fig. 3-29. (a) Effect of the initial bio-ethanol concentration on the poly([VHIM][Tf₂N]) adsorption kinetics and equilibrium. 111
Fig. 3-29. (b) Effect of temperature on the poly([VHIM][Tf₂N]) adsorption kinetics and equilibrium. 113
Fig. 3-29. (c) Effect of the poly([VHIM][Tf₂N]) dose on the adsorption kinetics and equilibrium. 115
Fig. 3-30. (a) Langmuir isotherm for bio-ethanol adsorption. 117
Fig. 3-30. (b) Freundlich isotherm for bio-ethanol adsorption. 117
Fig. 3-30. (c) Temkin isotherm for bio-ethanol adsorption. 118
Fig. 3-31. Separation factors of ethanol/water, ethanol/glucose and ethanol/xylose obtained with poly([VHIM][Tf₂N]). 119
Fig. 3-32. Comparison of bio-ethanol adsorbed on poly([VHIM][Tf₂N]) and activated carbon. 120
Fig. 3-33. Recovery and purity of bio-ethanol in the desorption solution. 122
Fig. 3-34. Effect of the Brønsted–Lowry acid-based DESs (DESs/methanol ratio: 1 wt%, Methanol/palmitic acid: 0.5㎎/mL (1mL), temperature: 60℃, time: 60 min). 124
Fig. 3-35. Effect of the DESs/methanol ratio (Methanol/palmitic acid: 0.5㎎/mL (1mL), temperature: 60℃, time: 60 min). 125
Fig. 3-36. Effect of the reaction temperature (Methanol/palmitic acid: 0.5㎎/mL (1mL), DES/methanol ratio: 10 wt%, time: 60 min). 126
Fig. 3-37. Effect of the reaction time (Methanol/palmitic acid: 0.5㎎/mL (1mL), DES/methanol ratio: 10 wt%, temperature: 80 ℃). 127
Fig. 3-38. Effect of the methanol/palmitic acid ratio (DES/methanol ratio: 10 wt%, temperature: 80 ℃, time: 120 min). 128
Scheme 3-1. Disassociation equilibrium of lactic acid in solution. 85
Scheme 3-2. Proposed scheme for the anion exchange mechanism on porous polymers. 86
Scheme 3-3. Synthesis of DES-based silica. 91
Scheme 3-4. Ion exchange mechanism between ClChCl-Urea modified silica and ferulic acid. 94
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