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국회도서관 홈으로 정보검색 소장정보 검색

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Title Page

ABSTRACT

Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction 14

1.1. Purpose of Study 14

1.2. Background 19

Chapter 2: Literature Review 22

2.1. Human Rights 23

What are Human Rights? 23

Historical Overview of Human Rights 24

Significance of ESC Rights 35

ESC Rights & the DPRK 36

2.2. International Human Rights Law 38

2.3. North Korea's Human Rights and Human Rights Protection System 42

International Legal Framework 43

Domestic Framework 54

2.4. Women's human rights violations 69

"Women's Rights are Human Rights" 69

Monitoring Human Rights Violations 72

What Happens When Violations are Uncovered? 77

2.5. Human Rights of Women in North Korea 83

Historical Context of Violations against Women in the DPRK 83

2.6. Changing Gender Roles in the DPRK 86

2.7. Through the Lens of Ordinary North Koreans 91

2.8. Differing Gender Norms within North Korea 95

Contextualization: West vs Pyongyang 97

Chapter 3: Theoretical Framework 100

3.1. Conflict Theory & Relative Deprivation 100

3.2. Application of the Conflict Perspective to the DPRK 101

3.3. System Justification Theory & Social Dominance Theory 103

3.4. Application of System Justification & Social Dominance Theory to the DPRK 105

Chapter 4: Methodology 108

4.1. Mixed Design Model 108

4.2. Data Collection Instrument 111

4.3. Data Analysis 114

4.4. Sample 115

4.4.1. Purposive Sampling 116

4.4.2. Sample Size 117

4.4.3. Respondents 118

4.4.4. Access to Respondents 118

4.5. Ethical Considerations 119

4.6. Limitations 121

Chapter 5: Results 122

5.1. Summary of Demographic Data 122

5.2. Research Question #1: Are the Human Rights of Women Violated in the Social, Economic and Political Spheres of North Korean society? 127

5.2.1. The Importance of Women's Human Rights in the DPRK 127

5.2.2. What are Human Rights 128

5.2.3. Level of Awareness 130

5.2.4. Violations of the Human Rights of Women in the DPRK 131

5.3. Research Question #2: How are the human rights of women violated within North Korean society? 132

5.3.1. Direct Encounters with Gender Discrimination 132

5.3.2. How the Human Rights of Women Violated in the DPRK 133

5.4. Research Question #3: Why are the human rights of women violated within North Korean society? 135

5.5. Research Question #4: What is the economic, social and political impact of gender discrimination on women in North Korea? 139

5.6. Research Question #5: Are there changes in the societal perceptions and treatment of women in modem day North Korea? 140

5.7. Research Question #6: How effective are the present enforcement mechanisms in protecting the human rights of women in North Korean society? 141

5.8. Research Question #7: How can the human rights of women be better protected and enforced within North Korea? 143

5.9. Three-way ANOVA Analyses 145

Chapter 6: Discussion 147

6.1. Existence of human rights violations against women in the social and economic spheres of North Korean society 147

6.1.1. Awareness & Conceptualization of Women's Human Rights 147

6.1.2. DPRK's Stance on the Dissemination of Human Rights Information 150

6.1.3. Human Rights Violations & the DPRK 152

6.2. How the human rights of women violated within North Korean society 153

6.2.1. Inequality 155

6.2.2. Domestic Violence 157

6.2.3. Sexual Violence 160

6.2.4. Departure from Labour Force, Private Markets, Lost Benefits & State Imposed Restrictions 165

6.2.5. Wage Disparity: Sexual Division of Labour & Inaccessibility to Promotion 168

6.2.6. Bribes & Fines 170

6.2.7. Party Membership 172

6.3. Why Gender Discrimination exists against Women in the DPRK 174

6.3.1. Lack of Awareness 174

6.3.2. Traditionalist Ideals 175

6.3.3. Regime's Lack of Intention and Maintenance of Control 177

6.3.4. Insufficient Support Mechanisms & Resources 178

6.4. Impact of Gender Discrimination on Women in North Korean Society 180

6.4.1. Unavailability & Limited Access to Health Services 180

6.4.2. Transactional Sex, Prostitution & Human Trafficking 183

6.4.3. Inability to Advocate 185

6.4.4. Younger Women in North Korea 186

6.4.5. Loss of Benefits 189

6.4.6. Designation and Advancement of Profession 190

6.4.7. Lack of Representation & Mobility 191

6.5. Changes in the societal perceptions of women in contemporary North Korea 191

6.6. The efficacy of the present enforcement mechanisms in protecting the human rights of women in North Korean society 198

6.6.1. Awareness of Protective Measures 198

6.6.2. Persistence of Violations 201

6.6.3. Efficacy of Enforcement Mechanisms 208

6.7. Theoretical Overview 211

Chapter 7: Recommendations and Conclusion 217

References 236

국문요약 252

Appendix 254

List of Tables

Table 1: Descriptive Characteristics of Sample 122

Table 2: Importance of the human rights of women in North Korea 128

Table 3: Level of awareness on the human rights of women in the DPRK 131

Table 4: Are the human rights of women violated in the DPRK? 131

Table 5: Encounters with gender discrimination 132

Table 6: Societal perceptions towards women is changing in the DPRK 141

Table 7: Awareness of laws or measures to protect the rights of women... 142

Table 8: Efficacy of laws or measures 143

Table 9: The international community and the protection of the human... 143

Table 10: Tests of Between-Subjects Effects 145

Table 11: Persistence of Human Rights Violations against Women 202

List of Figures

Figure 1: Respondents5 Year of Defection from the DPRK 125

Figure 2: Respondents' Length of Residence in the DPRK 126

Figure 3: "In your own words, what are human rights?" 129

초록보기

 본 연구는 여성에 대한 인권 침해의 계율과 성차별의 사회적, 경제적, 정치적 영향을 조사하는 데 초점을 맞추고있다. 그 목적은 북한 사회에서 여성의 인권이 침해되고 있는지를 살펴보고, 그렇다면 어떻게, 왜 위반되어 있는지를 조사하는 것이다. 또한 이 연구는 북한에서 여성에 대한 인권침해의 사회적, 경제적, 정치적 영향을 탐구한다. 인권침해의 구성은 숙청방법의 유효성을 전제로 한다. 여성의 인권을 보호하기위한 현재의 숙청방법의 유효성과 그 인권을 강화하고 보호하기위한 수단이 본 연구에서 분석된다. 또, 이 연구는 현재 북한에서 여성의 잠재적인 발전상황을 밝히기 위해 현대 북한 사회에서 여성의 사회적 인식의 변화에 대해 탐구한다.

본 연구는 이론적 템플릿으로서 성별사회 모델, 상징적 상호 작용주의, 갈등 이론과 상대적 박탈 시스템 정당화와 사회지배이론과 교차를 이용한다. 혼합 방법의 접근이 채용되어 수집 매체로 설문조사가 이차적인 소스와 함께 사용되었다.

여성인권은 북한사회의 사회적, 경제적, 정치적 틀 내에서 침해되는 것으로 밝혀졌다. 북한 여성의 인권이 어떻게 침해되고 있는지, 또한 그 이유를 설명하는 다면적이고 연동 한 다양한 주제를 발굴되었다. 결과적으로 현재의 숙청방법의 효과는 낮은 것이 명확하게 되며, 북한 사회의 개별적, 전반적인 부문에서 여성인권을 강화하고 보호하기위한 여러 수단을 제안한다.

이 조사는 북한 사회의 다양한 측면에서 여성은 점점 더 소외되고 있으며, 다양한 이유로 의도적, 불의도적으로 인권침해를 당하고있는 것으로 나타냈다.