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1. 서론 6

1.1. 연구 목적 6

1.2. 선행 연구 7

1.3. 논의의 구성 11

1.4. 인용 자료 12

2. '-여' 구문에 대한 기본적 논의 17

2.1. '-여'의 쟁점에 대한 검토 17

2.1.1. 형태 17

2.1.2. 문법적 지위 21

2.1.3. 의미·기능 23

2.2. 전기 중세 한국어와 후기 중세 한국어의 '-여' 25

2.2.1. 전기 중세 한국어의 '-ㅕ/ㅗ'(이미지참조) 25

2.2.2. 후기 중세 한국어의 '-(이)여' 35

3. 연속성을 보이는 '-여' 구문 39

3.1. 명사구 접속 구문 39

3.1.1. 전기 중세 한국어의 명사구 접속 구문 39

3.1.2. 후기 중세 한국어의 명사구 접속 구문 47

3.2. 부름 구문 58

3.2.1. 전기 중세 한국어의 부름 구문 58

3.2.2. 후기 중세 한국어의 부름 구문 60

3.3. 감탄 구문 73

3.3.1. 전기 중세 한국어의 감탄 구문 73

3.3.2. 후기 중세 한국어의 감탄 구문 82

3.4. '-이사녀' 구문(이미지참조) 126

3.4.1. 전기 중세 한국어의 '-이사녀' 구문(이미지참조) 126

3.4.2. 후기 중세 한국어의 '-이사녀' 구문(이미지참조) 130

4. 연속성을 보이지 않는 '-여' 구문 158

4.1. 명명 및 설명 구문 158

4.1.1. 명명 구문 159

4.1.2. 설명 구문 163

4.2. 도치 구문 166

4.2.1. 논항 도치 구문 166

4.2.2. 이유절 도치 구문 172

5. 결론 177

참고 문헌 183

Abstract 194

부록_문헌별 자토석독구결의 '-ㅕ/ㅗ' 구문 유형(이미지참조) 198

[붙임1] 문헌별 자토석독구결의 '-ㅕ/ㅗ' 구문 유형(이미지참조) 199

[붙임2] 문헌별 자토석독구결의 '-ㅕ/ㅗ' 구문 유형(이미지참조) 203

1. 大方廣佛華嚴經疏 卷第三十五 'ㅕ'(이미지참조) 203

2. 大方廣佛華嚴經 卷第十四 'ㅕ/ㅗ'(이미지참조) 206

3. 舊譯仁王經 卷上 'ㅕ'(이미지참조) 209

4. 合部金光明經 卷第三 'ㅗ'(이미지참조) 212

5. 瑜伽師地論 卷第二十 'ㅗ'(이미지참조) 215

6. 慈悲道場懺法 卷四 'ㅕ/ㅗ'(이미지참조) 220

초록보기

The purpose of this study is to examine the various uses of '-yeo' in middle Korean and the diachronic changing patterns of '-yeo' constructions based on them, discussing '-yeo' and forms containing it in former and latter middle Korean. The various uses of '-yeo' in the materials of Seokdokgugyuol and the Hangul materials of the 15th and 16th century were divided into the ones showing grammatical continuity and the ones showing no grammatical continuity. The discussion results show that '-yeo' understood as a "declarative participle" in the materials of Seokdokgugyuol was frequently used in constructions often used in certain contexts in the Hangul materials of the 15th and 16th century and changed into connective, vocative, and exclamative particles, respectively.

Chapter 2 discussed the controversial issues of '-yeo' in terms of form, grammatical status, and meanings & functions and reviewed its examples in materials of Seokdokgugyuol and the Hangul materials of the 15th and 16th century.

In the materials of Seokdokgugyuol, '-＄＄/＄＄' was used to connect or end clauses in noun phrase connected constructions, naming constructions, explanation constructions, argument inversion constructions, causal sentence inversion constructions, exclamative constructions, and vocative constructions. Based on the materials, it was found that '-＄＄/＄＄' used in various constructions had the following characteristics: first, it is a declarative particle; second, some of its uses are connected to inversion; third, it is difficult to figure out exclamation as its basic meaning; and fourth, it ends a sentence neutrally without revealing special meanings. In the materials, '-＄＄/＄＄' was understood as a declarative particle rather than an exclamative one. In the Hangul materials of the 15th and 16th century, '-(i)yeo' was found in noun phrase connected, vocative, exclamative, and '-이ᄯᆞ녀' constructions. In these materials, the constructions and uses of '-yeo' reduced from former middle Korean.

Chapter 3 discussed '-yeo' constructions in which its uses in former middle Korean continued in latter middle Korean. The '-yeo' constructions with grammatical continuity were noun phrase connected constructions, vocative constructions, exclamative constructions and '-이ᄯᆞ녀' constructions.

3.1. In noun phrase connected constructions, '-(i)yeo' lost its nature of being understood as '~라 하-' compared with the previous period. Instead, it acquired a new meaning of representing the whole rather than connecting to noun phrases in simple enumeration. Its declarative nature remained in that its integration with other particles was limited.

3.2. It was used more actively in vocative constructions than the previous period, when the object of exclamation was inverted in exclamative constructions. In the 15th and 16th century, it was separated from exclamative constructions in some cases. The study discussed the possibilities that 'NP+-(i)yeo' whose object of exclamation was inverted in exclamative constructions was gradually separated from exclamative constructions and used with other constructions. '-(i)yeo' revealed an exclamative meaning after acquiring it in vocative constructions used along with exclamative ones.

3.3. In exclamative constructions, '-(i)yeo' was used as an integrative element in exclamative endings. The "inversion" characteristic was still found like in the previous period, but there was no inversion of the object or content of exclamation, which indicates that this attribute was gradually lost. Exclamative endings were understood to have monologue nature to exclude the listener, but comparison with conversational scenes that were not such a case or Eonhae versions published later indicates it was difficult to see these exclamative endings had monologue nature to exclude the listener.

3.4. '-이ᄯᆞ녀' constructions were confirmed in the 15th and 16th century, but one example of them was found in the materials of Seokdokgugyuol. Examples related to it were also found in the materials of Eumdokgugyeol. It was thus explained that '-이ᄯᆞ녀' constructions had historical continuity. The involvement of '-(i)yeo' in '-이ᄯᆞ녀' was confirmed in the comparison of Gugyeol and Eonhae constructions. It was explained that antecedent and following clauses were connected with connective endings such as '-ni', '-gon', '-geoneul' Based on the ground that '何況' and '況' always appeared in the original texts, their comparison with Eonhae and Gugyeol constructions showed that other endings such as interrogative, exclamative, and declarative endings appeared in the position of '-이ᄯᆞ녀.' There was no inversion pattern in '-이ᄯᆞ녀' constructions.

Chapter 4 discussed '-yeo' constructions whose uses were found in the materials of Seokdokgugyuol and did not last into the materials of latter middle Korean. The '-yeo' constructions with no grammatical continuity were naming, explanation, argument inversion, and causal inversion constructions.

4.1. '-＄＄/＄＄' was found in naming constructions of presenting a concept and naming it or explanation constructions of interpreting the concept of an object in the materials of Seokdokgugyuol, but there was no '-yeo' in naming and explanation constructions in Hangul materials.

4.2. Argument inversion constructions were understood as the inversion of subject or object arguments at the syntactic level. Causal inversion constructions had the content of a reason for certain premise inverted and had inversion at the discourse and pragmatic level.

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