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Title Page

Contents

ABBREVIATIONS 17

ABSTRACT 19

GENERAL INTRODUCTION 24

CHAPTER I. Effects of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on the concentration of available N and other soil nutrients in coal mine soil 29

ABSTRACT 30

INTRODUCTION 32

MATERIALS AND METHODS 36

Soil collection 36

Seed germination and transplantation of plant 36

Greenhouse experiment setup 39

Fertilizer application 42

Collection of Rhizobium bacterial strain 42

Isolation of Frankia strain from nodules 43

Bacterial inoculation procedure 46

Soil sampling and analysis 47

Statistical analysis 49

RESULTS 50

Effects of shrub lespedeza (Lespedeza bicolor) on the concentration of available N (NH4+-N and NO3--N) in coal mine soil(이미지참조) 50

Effects of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) on the concentration of available N (NH4+-N and NO3--N) in coal mine soil(이미지참조) 53

Effects of alder (Alnus sibirica) on the concentration of available N (NH4+-N and NO3--N) in coal mine soil(이미지참조) 56

Effects of soybean (Glycine max) on the concentration of available N (NH4+-N and NO3--N) in coal mine soil(이미지참조) 59

Comparison of the effect of different N-fixing plants on the concentration of NH4+-N in coal mine soil(이미지참조) 62

Comparison of the effect of different N-fixing plants on the concentration of NO3--N in coal mine soil(이미지참조) 66

Effects of shrub lespedeza (Lespedeza bicolor) on soil pH and available nutrients (P, K, Ca and Mg) in coal mine soil 70

Effects of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) on soil pH and available nutrients (P, K, Ca and Mg) in coal mine soil 72

Effects of alder (Alnus sibirica) on soil pH and available nutrients (P, K, Ca and Mg) in coal mine soil 74

Effects of soybean (Glycine max) on soil pH and available nutrients (P, K, Ca and Mg) in coal mine soil 77

DISCUSSION 79

CHAPTER II. Effects of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on the growth and nodules of studied N-fixing plants while grown in coal mine soil 88

ABSTRACT 89

INTRODUCTION 91

MATERIALS AND METHODS 95

Soil collection 95

Seed germination and transplantation of plant 95

Greenhouse experiment setup 96

Fertilizer application 97

Collection of Rhizobium bacterial strain 97

Isolation of Frankia strain from nodules 98

Bacterial inoculation procedure 99

Collection of data on nodule parameter 100

Collection of data on vegetative growth parameter 100

Statistical analysis 101

RESULTS 102

Effects of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on the growth of shrub lespedeza (Lespedeza bicolor) while grown in coal mine soil 102

Effects of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on the growth of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) while grown in coal mine soil 107

Effects of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on the growth of alder (Alnus sibirica) while grown in coal mine soil 112

Effects of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on the growth of soybean (Glycine max) while grown in coal mine soil 117

Effects of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on the yield components of soybean (Glycine max) while grown in coal mine soil 122

Effects of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on nodulation of shrub lespedeza, black locust, alder and soybean while grown in coal mine soil 124

Comparison of the effect of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on nodule volume of different N-fixing plants grown in coal mine soil 129

Comparison of the effect of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on nodule number of different N-fixing plants grown in coal mine soil 133

Comparison of the effect of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on nodule dry weight of different N-fixing plants grown in coal mine soil 137

DISCUSSION 141

CHAPTER III. Effects of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on N, P and K content in N-fixing plants while grown in coal mine soil 150

ABSTRACT 151

INTRODUCTION 153

MATERIALS AND METHODS 157

Soil collection 157

Seed germination and transplantation of plant 157

Greenhouse experiment setup 158

Fertilizer application 159

Collection of Rhizobium bacterial strain 159

Isolation of Frankia strain from nodules 160

Bacterial inoculation procedure 160

Plant sample analysis 161

Statistical analysis 162

RESULTS 163

Effects of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on the N, P and K content of shrub lespedeza (Lespedeza bicolor) while grown in coal mine soil 163

Effects of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on the N, P and K content of black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia L.) while grown in coal mine soil 168

Effects of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on the N, P and K content of alder (Alnus sibirica) while grown in coal mine soil 173

Effects of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on the N, P and K content of soybean (Glycine max) while grown in coal mine soil 178

Comparison of the effect of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on N content of different N-fixing plants grown in coal mine soil 182

Comparison of the effect of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on P content of different N-fixing plants grown in coal mine soil 186

Comparison of the effect of fertilization and bacterial inoculation on K content of different N-fixing plants grown in coal mine soil 190

DISCUSSION 194

CONCLUSIONS 201

REFERENCES 204

국문요약 226

List of Tables

Table 1. Physical and chemical characteristics of the experimental coal mine soil 48

Table 2. Interaction effect between different N-fixing plant species at different... 64

Table 3. Two-way ANOVA test for interaction effect between different N-fixing... 65

Table 4. Interaction effect between different N-fixing plant species at different... 68

Table 5. Two-way ANOVA test for interaction effect between different N-fixing... 69

Table 6. The effect of different treatments on soil pH and different available nutrients in coal mining soil by... 71

Table 7. The effect of different treatments on soil pH and different available nutrients in coal mining soil by... 73

Table 8. The effect of different treatments on soil pH and different available nutrients in coal mining soil by... 76

Table 9. The effect of different treatments on soil pH and different available nutrients in coal mine soil by... 78

Table 10. The effect of different treatments on stem height, root length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, ratio of shoot and root, and plant... 104

Table 11. The effect of different treatments on canopy spread, number of leaves, number of branches, number of nodes, leaf... 105

Table 12. The effect of different treatments on stem height, root length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, ratio of shoot and... 109

Table 13. The effect of different treatments on canopy spread, number of leaves, number of branches, number of nodes, leaf area, and leaf... 110

Table 14. The effect of different treatments on stem height, root length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, ratio of shoot and root, and... 114

Table 15. The effect of different treatments on canopy spread, number of leaves, number of branches, number of nodes, leaf area, and leaf... 115

Table 16. The effect of different treatments on stem height, root length, fresh and dry weight of root and shoot, ratio of shoot and root, and... 119

Table 17. The effect of different treatments on canopy spread, number of leaves, number of branches, number of nodes, leaf area, and leaf... 120

Table 18. The effect of different treatments on number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, number of seeds per plant, pod dry weight,... 123

Table 19. The effect of different treatments on nodule volume, number of nodules, and... 126

Table 20. Interaction effect between different N-fixing plant species for nodule... 131

Table 21. Two-way ANOVA test for interaction effect between different N-... 132

Table 22. Interaction effect between different N-fixing plant species for nodule... 135

Table 23. Two-way ANOVA test for interaction effect between different N-... 136

Table 24. Interaction effect between different N-fixing plant species for nodule dry... 139

Table 25. Two-way ANOVA test for interaction effect between different N-... 140

Table 26. Interaction effect between different N-fixing plant species for N content... 184

Table 27. Two-way ANOVA test for interaction effect between different N-... 185

Table 28. Interaction effect between different N-fixing plant species for P content... 188

Table 29. Two-way ANOVA test for interaction effect between different N-... 189

Table 30. Interaction effect between different N-fixing plant species for K content... 192

Table 31. Two-way ANOVA test for interaction effect between different N-... 193

List of Figures

Figure 1. Nitrogen transformations in the soil 26

Figure 2. Abandoned coal mine in Taebaek city of South Korea 38

Figure 3. Experimental coal mine soil in pot 38

Figure 4. Field layout of experimental designs 40

Figure 5. Nitrogen fixing plants, (A) Shrub lespedeza (Lespedeza bicolor), (B)... 41

Figure 6. Bacterial colony of... 44

Figure 7. Bacterial colony of Rhizoobium... 44

Figure 8. Bacterial inoculum... 44

Figure 9. Bacterial colony of Frankia in... 44

Figure 10. Morphology of the Frankia isolate under electron microscopy 45

Figure 11. Effect of different treatments on the concentration of NH4+-N in...(이미지참조) 51

Figure 12. Effect of different treatments on the concentration of NO3--N in...(이미지참조) 52

Figure 13. Effect of different treatments on the concentration of NH4+-N in...(이미지참조) 54

Figure 14. Effect of different treatments on the concentration of NO3--N in...(이미지참조) 55

Figure 15. Effect of different treatments on the concentration of NH4+-N in...(이미지참조) 57

Figure 16. Effect of different treatments on the concentration of NO3--N in...(이미지참조) 58

Figure 17. Effect of different treatments on the concentration of NH4+-N in...(이미지참조) 60

Figure 18. Effect of different treatments on the concentration of NO3--N in...(이미지참조) 61

Figure 19. Comparison of the effect of different N-fixing plants on the... 63

Figure 20. Comparison of the effect of different N-fixing plants on the... 67

Figure 21. Formation of root nodules in (A) Shrub lespedeza, (B) Black... 127

Figure 22. Comparison of the effect of fertilization and bacterial inoculation... 130

Figure 23. Comparison of the effect of fertilization and bacterial inoculation... 134

Figure 24. Comparison of the effect of fertilization and bacterial inoculation... 138

Figure 25. Effect of different treatments on the N content of shrub lespedeza... 165

Figure 26. Effect of different treatments on the P content of shrub lespedeza... 166

Figure 27. Effect of different treatments on the K content of shrub lespedeza... 167

Figure 28. Effect of different treatments on the N content of black locust tree... 170

Figure 29. Effect of different treatments on the P content of black locust tree... 171

Figure 30. Effect of different treatments on the K content of black locust tree... 172

Figure 31. Effect of different treatments on the N content of alder tree species... 175

Figure 32. Effect of different treatments on the P content of alder tree species... 176

Figure 33. Effect of different treatments on the K content of alder tree species... 177

Figure 34. Effect of different treatments on the N of soybean crop... 179

Figure 35. Effect of different treatments on the P of soybean crop... 180

Figure 36. Effect of different treatments on the K of soybean crop... 181

Figure 37. Comparison of the effect of fertilization and bacterial inoculation... 183

Figure 38. Comparison of the effect of fertilization and bacterial inoculation... 187

Figure 39. Comparison of the effect of fertilization and bacterial inoculation... 191

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