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Title Page

Abstract

Contents

Chapter 1. Introduction 10

1.1. Electrodes for Stretchable and Flexible Devices 10

1.2. Transparent electrodes 10

1.2.1. Introduction 10

1.2.2. Metal based stretchable and transparent electrode 11

1.2.3. Conductive polymer based stretchable and transparent electrodes 17

1.2.4. Carbon based stretchable and transparent electrodes 18

1.3. Nanocomposite-based stretchable and transparent electrodes 20

1.3.1. Introduction 20

1.3.2. Materials 20

1.3.3. Fabrication method 22

Reference 25

Chapter 2. Stretchable display based on alternating current electroluminescent (ACEL) device using nanocomposite-based transparent electrodes 34

2.1. Introduction 34

2.1.1. Basic Structure and Mechanism of ACEL 34

2.1.2. Patterning strategies of ACEL 37

2.2. Result and discussion. 40

2.2.1. Fabrication of transparent and stretchable electrodes 40

2.2.2. Composition of Emissive layer 41

2.2.3. Transfer Printing 43

2.2.4. Stretchable ACEL devices 44

2.2.5. Luminance 45

2.2.6. Stretching test 46

2.2.7. The cyclic test 46

2.3. Conclusion 47

2.4. Experimental section 48

2.4.1. Materials 48

2.4.2. Fabrication of nanocomposite-based transparent electrodes 48

2.4.3. Transfer-printing of emissive layer 48

2.4.4. Device fabrication with patterns of different colors 48

Reference 50

List of Figures

Figure 1.1. Electrode materials for flexible electrodes. 11

Figure 1.2. Image of cross-sectional SEM observing AgNW-poly (TBA-co-AA) composite based conductive surface. Scale bar＝1μm. 12

Figure 1.3. Actual image of conductive surface of the AgNW-polymer composite electrodes observed by SEM. Scale bar＝1μm. 13

Figure 1.4. Sequential process of the fabrication method of a CuNW-PU composite electrode. 14

Figure 1.5. Resistance change of a CuNW/poly- (acrylate) electrode (R0＝5.8 Ω) during the first stretching and releasing. 15

Figure 1.6. Cross-sectional image captured by SEM micrograph of a sparse nanofiber transparent conductor web embedded in an epoxy resin. 16

Figure 1.7. Schematic illustrations of the evolution of the nanofiber web under the applied strain. 17

Figure 1.8. Schematic diagram representing the morphology of a typical PEDOT:PSS film (top) versus that of a stretchable PEDOT film with STEC enhancers (bottom). 18

Figure 1.9. Evolutionary change in morphology of CNT films with stretching. Schematics (top) and corresponding actual image of AFM phase (bottom) of CNT films. Scale bars＝600 nm. 19

Figure 1.10. Brief introduction regarding to stretchable and conductive nanocomposite. Classified by nanomaterials preparation, nanocomposite fabrication, and various applications such as optoelectronic... 20

Figure 1.11. Schematic illustration of the electrospinning process applied to a PVDF solution. 22

Figure 1.12. Schematic illustration of inkjet printing process for transparent MXene films. 23

Figure 1.13. Schematic of the fabrication process of the stretchable electrode by spray coating and bar coating. 24

Figure 2.1. Scheme of the hot-electron impact excitation principle. 34

Figure 2.2. Schematic illustration of structure of general ACEL devices The light emitting layer composed of mixture of electroluminescent phosphor and elastomer is sandwiched between two flexible... 35

Figure 2.3. Scheme of working principle of dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA). Dielectric elastomer actuator introduces stretchable electrodes and stretchable elastomer as the dielectric part of the capacitor.... 36

Figure 2.4. Schematic operation mechanism of the ACEL devices generating light and sound. 37

Figure 2.5. Schematic illustration of each layer and the overall design for the four-digit, seven-segment display based on electrode patterning (left) and the display stably operates at relaxed and stretched under... 38

Figure 2.6. Step-by-step process flow to fabricate stretchable alternating current electroluminescent (ACEL) display. 39

Figure 2.7. Sequential emissive layer patterning process using photopatteming using UV light and transfer printing to achieve pixel shaped multi-color light emitting layer. 40

Figure 2.8. Composition of nanocomposite-based stretchable and transparent electrodes. 40

Figure 2.9. Transmittance of nanocomposite-based stretchable and transparent electrodes. 41

Figure 2.10. Composition of emissive layer with particles. If the matrix surrounding the electroluminescent particles has low dielectric constant, potential drop will be observed within the... 42

Figure 2.11. Measured frequency dependent dielectric constants of PDMS (blue), phosphor-PDMS (red), and phosphor-BaTiO₃ -PDMS (black). 42

Figure 2.12. Schematic illustration of transfer-printing for multi-color pattern devices. 43

Figure 2.13. Image of multi-color device fabricated by transfer printing. 44

Figure 2.14. Image of ACEL device fabricated by transfer printing under stretching up to 100%. 45

Figure 2.15. Luminance of device fabricated by transfer-printing depending on voltage. 45

Figure 2.16. Effect of tensile strain on luminance. 46

Figure 2.17. Stretching stability test under repetitive strain of 60%. 47

초록보기

 In the evolution of electronics, flexible, stretchable devices have been rising as a future device due to its potential to be utilized as wearable device. Stretchable electrodes have been developed for stretchable electronics such as sensors, displays, and energy devices. Especially, in the case of optoelectronic devices such as displays need an electrode which is not only stretchable, but also transparent. There are numerous attempts to achieve highly conductive, stretchable and transparent electrodes based on various types of materials such as carbon-based materials, metal-based materials and conductive polymer with new structural strategies. For taking advantages of each material, nanocomposite-based electrodes have attracted huge interest.

Based on these stretchable and transparent electrodes, many different kinds of light emitting devices also have been developed. Among various types of light emitting devices, alternating current electroluminescent device, which is called ACEL, is one of the promising candidates to be utilized as stretchable displays, sensing flatform and other multifunctional devices. ACEL device is composed of stretchable electrodes and emissive layer sandwiched between two electrodes and composed of phosphor and elastomer. This structure is very advantageous to be stretched due to the flexibility of whole devices including light emitting layer. Therefore, ACEL can be adapted as wearable displays as the form of patterned displays, pixelated displays, and other various display systems. Additionally, ACEL sensing platforms can use both luminescence and electrical properties to be utilized as tactile sensor. Also, sound generation is available based on the dielectric elastomer actuator (DEA) structure of ACEL devices, so the multi-functional device can be obtained. To realize these various applications, new patterning strategy is needed.

Herein, the ACEL based stretchable display using AgNW-PH1000 nanocomposite based transparent electrodes is demonstrated. The thin-film shaped transparent and stretchable electrodes enables the device to maintain the original properties such as luminance under tensile strain of 100%. Also, the new patterning strategy, transfer-printing technique is introduced. By transfer-printing, fabrication process of multi-color ACEL devices can be simplified and device properties also can be improved. This research will give direction to widen the range of ACEL device application as stretchable displays.

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