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Title Page

ABSTRACT

Contents

Chapter Ⅰ. Introduction 17

1. Drug Delivery system (DDS) 18

1.1. Nanomaterials 18

1.2. Mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) 20

2. Flavonoid Drug 23

3. Reference 25

Chapter Ⅱ. Enhanced Quercetin Delivery via Sustained Release from Fluorescent Mesoporous Silica Nanocarriers 26

1. Introduction 27

2. Experiment methods 30

2.1. Chemical materials 30

2.2. Synthesis of FMSNs 31

2.3. MSNs coated with PDA 32

2.4. Drug loading into FMSNs 34

2.5. Drug release test 38

2.6. DPPH assay 38

2.7. Cell culture and effect of FMSN treatment 39

2.8. Differentiation induction 40

3. Results and discussion 41

3.1. Physicochemical properties of MSNs 41

3.2. In vitro drug release tests 53

3.3. Application of various kinetic models 56

3.4. Efficacy analysis and 3T3-L1 adipocyte teats 69

4. Conclusions 78

5. Reference 79

Chapter Ⅲ. Anomalous Release Kinetics of Epigallocatechin gallate-loaded Fluorescent Mesoporous Silica Nanocarriers 84

1. Introduction 85

2. Experiment methods 88

2.1. Chemical materials 88

2.2. Synthesis of FMSNs 89

2.3. PDA Coating of FMSNs 90

2.4. Drug Loading into FMSNs 92

2.5. Drug Release Test 95

2.6. Radical Scavenging Activity 96

2.7. Cell Culture and Viability Assessment 97

2.8. Oil Red O Staining 98

3. Results and discussion 99

3.1. Physicochemical properties of MSNs 99

3.2. In vitro drug release tests 109

3.3. Release Behavior of EGCG with Degradation 111

3.4. Application of Various Kinetic Models 116

3.5. Efficacy analysis and 3T3-L1 adipocyte tests 126

4. Conclusions 136

5. Reference 137

CONCLUSIONS 140

List of Tables

Table 2.1. Loading amounts of drug in FMSNs and FMSNs@PDA after surface modification 35

Table 2.2. Zeta potential and Particles size of samples (MSNs, FMSNs and FMSNs@PDA) in PBS pH 7.4 by ELS 44

Table 2.3. Fitted parameter values of Fickian model for the release data 58

Table 2.4. Fitted parameter values of Higuchi model for the release data[내용없음] 16

Table 2.5. Fitted parameter values of K-P model for the release data 60

Table 2.6. Fitted parameter values of Hill coefficient for the release data 68

Table 3.1. Loading amounts of drug in FMSNs and FMSNs@PDA after surface modification 93

Table 3.2. Fitted parameter values of K-P, Hill model for the release data 118

Table 3.3. Fitted parameter values of K-P and BiDoseResp model for the release data 123

List of Figures

Figure 1.1. Utilization of various drug delivery systems. 19

Figure 1.2. Various types of drug delivery systems (Polymeric, Inorganic and Lipid-based). 19

Figure 1.3. Schematic illustration of fluorescent particle delivery and fluorescence emission to the target area. 22

Figure 1.4. Structure of Flavonoid Classes (Quercetin, EGCG, Catechin, Apigenin). 24

Figure 2.1. Standard curve of (a) QUER in DMSO and (b) QUER in Tris-HCl. 37

Figure 2.2. SEM and TEM images of (a)MSNs (b)FMSNs (c)FMSNs@PDA and (d)FMSNs in PBS for 7days. 42

Figure 2.3. XRD spectra of MSNs and FMSNs. 46

Figure 2.4. FT-IR spectra of as-prepared samples (MSNs, FMSNs and FMSNs@PDA). 48

Figure 2.5. (a) UV-Vis spectra and (b) Photoluminescence spectra of as-prepared samples (MSNs, FMSNs and FMSNs@PDA). 50

Figure 2.6. Nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms and pore size distribution by BJH analysis of (a) MSNs and (b) FMSNs (c) FMSNs@PDA. 52

Figure 2.7. Release profiles of QUER absorbance from FMSNs and FMSNs@PDA in PBS at 37 ± 1 ℃. 55

Figure 2.8. Fickian model fits of drug release (a) QUER release from FMSNs and (b) QUER release from FMSNs@PDA in PBS at 37 ± 1 ℃. 58

Figure 2.9. K-P model fits of drug release (a) QUER release from FMSNs and (b) QUER release from FMSNs@PDA in PBS at 37 ± 1 ℃. 60

Figure 2.10. Hill model fits of drug release (a) QUER release from FMSNs and (b) QUER release from FMSNs@PDA in PBS at 37 ± 1 ℃. 63

Figure 2.11. Schematic representation of sustained release mechanism of FMSNs-QUER@PDA nanocarrier. 65

Figure 2.12. Deprotonation order of (a) the A-F complex as a function of time and (b) quercetin as a function of pKa value. 66

Figure 2.13. Radical-scavenging activity of QUER, FMSNs, FMSNs@PDA, FMSNs-QUER, and FMSNs-QUER@PDA at 0, 6, 24, 48, and 72 h as... 72

Figure 2.14. Viability of 3T3-L1 cells after treatment with QUER, FMSNs, FMSNs@PDA, FMSNs-QUER, and FMSNs-QUER@PDA at concentrations... 74

Figure 2.15. Fluorescence images of (a) FMSNs and (b) FMSNs@PDA on days 1, 2, 4, and 6. Scale bars=75 μM. (c) Uptake area of FMSNs and... 76

Figure 3.1. Standard curve of (a)EGCG in DMSO, (b) EGC in PBS pH 7.4 and (c) GA in PBS pH 7.4 94

Figure 3.2. Particle size of (a) MSNs, (b) FMSNs, and (c) FMSNs@PDA and zeta potential of samples in phosphate-buffered saline pH 7.4 using dynamic... 100

Figure 3.3. S canning electron microscopy and transmission electron microscopy images of (a, d) MSNs (b, e) FMSNs (c, f) FMSNs@PDA. 102

Figure 3.4. FT-IR spectra of as-prepared samples (MSNs, FMSNs and FMSNs@PDA). 104

Figure 3.5. Thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry curve of as-prepared samples (MSNs, FMSNs, and FMSNs@PDA). 106

Figure 3.6. Photoluminescence spectra of as-prepared samples (MSNs, FMSNs and FMSNs@PDA). 108

Figure 3.7. Release profiles of EGCG absorbance from FMSNs and FMSNs@PDA in PBS at 37 ± 1 ℃. 110

Figure 3.8. Release profiles of EGC absorbance from FMSNs and FMSNs@PDA in PBS at 37 ± 1 ℃. 113

Figure 3.9. (a) Degradation mechanism of EGCG, (b) Combination of EGCG and PDA, and (c) Degradation of EGCG and PDA. 115

Figure 3.10. (a) Korsmeyer-Peppas model fits and (b) Hill model fits of drug release EGCG release from FMSNs in phosphate-buffered saline at 37 ± 1 ℃. 118

Figure 3.11. (a) Korsmeyer-Peppas model fit, (b) BiDoseResp model fit of EGC production by FMSNs-EGCG@PDA in phosphate-buffered saline at 37... 123

Figure 3.12. Schematic representation of the release mechanism of FMSNs-EGCG@PDA nanocarrier and EGC, GA. 125

Figure 3.13. Radical scavenging activity of EGCG, EGC, GA, FMSNs-EGCG, and FMSNs-EGCG@PDA in the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazy assay at 0, 6,... 128

Figure 3.14. 3T3-L1 viability by EGCG, FMSNs-EGCG and FMSNs-EGCG@PDA at (a) 6.25 μM, (b) 12.5 μM, (c) 25 μM, and (d) 50 μM in the... 130

Figure 3.15. (a) Optical image of 3T3-L1 adipocytes treated with different concentrations of EGCG, FMSNs-EGCG, and FMSNs-EGCG@PDA. Lipids... 134

List of Schemes

Scheme 2.1. Stepwise procedures for preparing FMSNs, FMSNs-QUER and FMSNs-QUER 33

Scheme 3.1. Stepwise procedures for preparing samples (FMSNs, FMSNs-EGCG, and FMSNs-EGCG@PDA). 91

초록보기

 This study was conducted using MSNs with fluorescent properties to effectively deliver flavonoid drugs.

The first study presents a comprehensive investigation of a novel drug delivery strategy using quercetin-loaded fluorescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles (FMSN), which have antioxidant, anticancer, and antiparkinsonian effects. MSNs were synthesized using sol-gel synthesis. Fluorescent MSNs were synthesized through the A-F complex, and drug release was controlled using polydopamine (PDA). Here, FMSNs were designed for efficient drug cargo encapsulation and their controlled release behavior was systematically investigated using four different kinetic models. This study demonstrated the potential of FMSN-based nanocarriers for quercetin treatment targeting oxidative stress-related diseases.

The second study presented a system for effective delivery of the highly unstable epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG). EGCG, a naturally occurring compound, has a wide range of potential health benefits, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, cancer prevention, and weight management effects. However, due to its inherent instability and limited bioavailability, further research is needed to develop more efficient delivery methods. In this study, fluorescent mesoporous silica nanoparticles (FMSN) were used as an EGCG delivery system to alleviate oxidative stress and inhibit adipogenesis. This study focused on the controlled release kinetics of EGCG and showed that FMSN plays an important role in improving the stability of EGCG, enabling long-term cellular activity.

To comprehensively evaluate the approaches in both studies, we performed an assay using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and Oil Red O to evaluate their antioxidant potential and effects on lipid inhibition. These results demonstrate the potential of FMSN-based nanocarriers for QUER and EGCG delivery. This study highlights innovative strategies to improve the therapeutic efficacy of flavonoids and expand their applications in medical fields, including oxidative stress and obesity-related treatments.