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Contents

Rape as a war crime : the position of international law since World War II / Arpita Saha 1

[요약] 1

I. Introduction 2

II. War Crimes 3

III. Prosecution History of "Rape" in the International Scenario 4

IV. Is Rape a War Crime? 7

V. Rape Not Recognized as a War Crime: The Nuremberg Trials, The Nanking Massacre and Other Such Instances 9

VI. The Tables Turned: The Akayesu Case 12

VII. Rape as a Weapon of War: The Situation in Bosnia 14

VIII. The Scene in the Democratic Republic of Congo 16

IX. The Recent Showdown: The Central African Republic 16

X. The Darfur Crisis for Humanity 18

XI. Conclusion 19

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권호기사 목록 테이블로 기사명, 저자명, 페이지, 원문, 기사목차 순으로 되어있습니다.
기사명 저자명 페이지 원문 목차
Legal protection of Indonesian coral reefs in Papua Province Yanti Fristikawati pp.323-344

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Legal aspects of the coastal zone management :on-going process of ICZM in Thailand Kanongnij Sribuaiam pp.345-380

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Japanese measures against marine pollution under UNCLOS and the IMO treaties Jun Tsuruta pp.381-389

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Legal remedies for marine ecological damage in China : as illustrated by the Tasman Sea oil spills case Xiaoqin Zhu ; Lin Dong pp.391-407

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Erasmus :the 16th century's pioneer of peace education and a culture of peace Peter van den Dungen pp.409-431

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Rule of law indicators in context :an empirical evaluation of GTZ legal advisory in Beijing Vishnu Sridharan pp.433-456

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Protecting victim rights :the role of the national human rights commission of Korea Andrew Wolman pp.457-479

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A maritime demarcation dispute on the Yellow Sea Republic of Korea Kim Young-koo pp.481-490

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A maritime demarcation dispute on the Yellow Sea democratic people's Republic of Korea Korean Central News Agency pp.491-496

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Rape as a war crime :the position of international law since World War Ⅱ Arpita Saha pp.497-516

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참고문헌 (58건) : 자료제공( 네이버학술정보 )

참고문헌 목록에 대한 테이블로 번호, 참고문헌, 국회도서관 소장유무로 구성되어 있습니다.
번호 참고문헌 국회도서관 소장유무
1 ROBERT CRYER, HAKAN FRIMAN, DARRYL ROBINSON & ELIZABETH WILMSHURST: AN INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL LAW AND PROCEDURE 244 (2007). 미소장
2 Siobhan K. Fisher, Occupation of the Womb: Forced Impregnation as Genocide, 46 DUKE L. J. 91-133 (1996), available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/1372967 (last visited on Aug. 17, 2009). 미소장
3 Rhonda Copelon, Rape and Gender Violence: From Impunity to Accountability in International Law, 2 HUMAN RIGHTS DIALOGUE (2003). 미소장
4 Violence Against Women, (Nov. 5, 2003), available at http://www.cceia.org/resources/publications/dialogue/2_10/articles/1052.html (last visited on Aug. 16, 2009). 미소장
5 Wikipedia, West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, available at http://www.answers.com/topic/war-crime (last visited on Aug. 16, 2009). 미소장
6 U.N. A/RES/1/95 (Dec.11, 1946) 미소장
7 Akayesu ICTR T. Ch. I (Sept. 2, 1998). 미소장
8 Furundzija ICTY T. Ch. II (Dec.10.1998). 미소장
9 Andre Klip & Goran Sluiter ed., Annotated Leading Cases of International Criminal Tribunals, in THE INTERNATIONAL CRIMINAL TRIBUNAL FOR THE FORMER YUGOSLAVIA (VIII) 616 (2001-2002). 미소장
10 Kunarac ICTY T. Ch. II (Feb. 22, 2001). 미소장
11 In-Depth: Justice for a Lawless World? Rights and reconciliation in a new era of international law (Jun. 2006), available at http://www.irinnews.org/InDepthMain.aspx?InDepthId=7&ReportId=59493 (last visited on Aug. 16, 2009). 미소장
12 Freyana, Bemba trial tests rape as war crime, in AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL AUSTRALIA (Feb. 4, 2009), available at http://www.amnesty.org.au/svaw/comments/20168/ (last visited on Aug. 16, 2009). 미소장
13 Mark Ellis, Rape May Be a War Crime, available at http://clg.portalxm.com/library/keytext.cfm? keytext_id=203 (last visited on Aug. 16, 2009). 미소장
14 U.N. Doc. PCNICC/2000/1/Add.1 (2000). 미소장
15 William F. SCHULZ, THE PHENOMENON OF TORTURE: READINGS AND COMMENTARY 315 (2007). 미소장
16 Violence Against Women, Nov. 5, 2003, available at http://www.cceia.org/ resources/publications/dialogue/2_10/articles/1052.html (last visited on Aug. 16, 2009). 미소장
17 Keiko, International Law and War Rape, WikiGender (May, 27, 2009), available at http://www.wikigender.org/index.php/International_Law_and_War_Rape (last visited on Aug. 16, 2009). 미소장
18 Enacted in order to give effect to the Moscow Declaration of Oct. 30, 1943 and the London Agreement of Aug. 8, 1945, and the charter issued pursuant thereto. availalble at http://avalon.law.yale.edu/imt/imt10.asp (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
19 David J. Scheffer, Rape as a War Crime, War Crimes Issues Remarks, (Oct. 29, 1999), available at http://www.converge.org.nz/pma/arape.htm (last visited on Aug. 16, 2009). 미소장
20 Wendy Jo Gertjejanssen, Victims, Heroes, Survivors: Sexual Violence on the Eastern Front during World War II, (unpublished thesis, submitted to University of Minnesota in 2004), available at http://www.victimsheroessurvivors.info/VictimsHeroesSurvivorspp1-18.pdf (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
21 Rose Marie Berger, The Mercy Seat, Sojourners, (Jul. 1, 2001), available at http://www.thefreelibrary.com/The+Mercy+Seat-a076751344 (last visited on Aug. 16, 2009). 미소장
22 Catherine N. Niarchos, Women, War and Rape: Challenges Facing the International Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, 17 HUM. RTS. Q. 649-690 (1995), available at http://www.jstor.org/stable/762485 (last visited on Aug. 17, 2009). 미소장
23 Ignazio Silone, Reflection on the Welfare State, 8 DISSENT 185, 189 (1991). 미소장
24 IRIS CHANG, THE RAPE OF NANKING 6 (1997). 미소장
25 Keiko, International Law and War Rape, WIKIGENDER, May, 27, 2009, available at http://www.wikigender.org/index.php/International_Law_and_War_Rape (last visited on Aug. 16, 2009). 미소장
26 Military History Companion, West’s Encyclopedia of American Law, available at http://www.answers.com/topic/war-crime (last visited on August 16, 2009). 미소장
27 Martin Shaw, My Lai to Haditha: War, Massacre and Justice, OPEN DEMOCRACY, Mar. 17, 2008, available at http://www.opendemocracy.net/article/conflicts/asia_pacific/my_lai_haditha (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
28 Full Incidence Report, Sexual Violence and Abuse of Women in Iraq: July 16, 1968- May 1, 2003, available at http://www.globaljusticecenter.net/media/Incident%20Report-%20May%2006%20version.pdf (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
29 Heidi Nichols Haddad, Transnational Advocacy and Post-Conflict Rape Prosecution: A Comparison of the ICTY and the ICTR, a paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the ISA’s 50th Annual Convention “Exploring the Past, Anticipating the Future,”New York City, Feb. 15, 2009, available at http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p313070_index.html (last visited on Aug. 17, 2009). 미소장
30 Editorial, Rape: It’s a War Crime, L.A TIMES, Aug. 13, 2009, available at http://www.latimes.com/news/opinion/laed-rape13-2009aug13,0,4833486.story (last visited on Aug. 16, 2009). 미소장
31 Meaning those who stand/work/fight/attack together, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1288230.stm (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
32 Laura Sjoberg, Women and the Genocidal Rape of Women: The Gender Dynamics of Gendered War Crimes, a paper presented at the annual meeting of the ISA’s 50th annual convention “Exploring the Past, Anticipating the Future,” New York Marriott Marquis, New York, Feb 15, 2009, available at http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p313767_index.html (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
33 PHILIP ZIMBARDO, THE LUCIFER EFFECT: UNDERSTANDING HOW GOOD PEOPLE TURN EVIL (2007). 미소장
34 ICTR-98-44A-T. 미소장
35 Rwanda: UN Security Council Extends ICTR Mandate to December 2010, Hirondelle News Agency (Lausanne), Jul. 9, 2009, available at http://allafrica.com/stories/200907101002.html (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
36 ICTR-00-60-T. 미소장
37 Marlise Simons, U.N. Court, for First Time, Defines Rape as War Crime, N. Y. TIMES, Jun. 28, 1996, available at http://www.nytimes.com/1996/06/28/world/un-court-for-first-time-defines-rape-as-war-crime.html (last visited on Aug. 16, 2009). 미소장
38 UNITED NATIONS SECURITY COUNCIL, FINAL REPORT OF THE COMMISSION OF EXPERTS ESTABLISHED PURSUANT TO SECURITY COUNCIL RESOLUTION (1992). 미소장
39 HUMAN RIGHTS AND CONFLICT: EXPLORING THE LINKS BETWEEN RIGHTS, LAW AND PEACEBUILDING 228 (Julie A. Mertus & Jeffrey W. Helsing eds., 2006). 미소장
40 Available at http://www.an.no/nyheter/article3558162.ece (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
41 He was charged with 49 counts, and sentenced to 18 years imprisonment by ICTY, available at http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/facts/hazim_delic_487.html (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
42 Allison Marston Danner & Jenny S. Martinez, Guilty Associations: Joint Criminal Enterprise, Command Responsibility and the Development of International Criminal Law (Sept. 15, 2004), available at http://www.law.berkeley.edu/students/curricularprograms/ils/workshop/fall04_Martinez.pdf (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
43 He was charged with 13 counts, and sentenced to 9 years imprisonment by ICTY, available at http://www.trial-ch.org/en/trial-watch/profile/db/facts/zdravko_mucic_486.html (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
44 IT-95-17/1. 미소장
45 Stephanie McCrummen, Prevalence of Rape in E. Congo Described as Worst in the World, THE WASH. POST, Sept. 9, 2007, available at http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2007/09/08/AR2007090801194.html (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
46 Photo Journal: Tales of rape in DR Congo, BBC News, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/shared/spl/hi/picture_gallery/05/africa_tales_of_rape_in_dr_congo/html/1.stm (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
47 Stop Violence against Women, AMNESTY INTERNATIONAL, available at http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/asset/AFR62/018/2004/en/618e1ff2-d57f-11dd-bb24-1fb85fe8fa05/afr620182004en.pdf (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
48 Available at, http://www.pbs.org/pov/lumo (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
49 Jackie Martens, Congo rape victims seek solace, BBC NEWS (Jan. 24, 2004), available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/3426273.stm (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
50 Former DR Congo Leader arrested, BBC NEWS, May 24, 2008, available at http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/7418932.stm (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
51 Bemba Case, available at http://www.iccnow.org/?mod=bemba (last visited on Aug. 16, 2009). 미소장
52 Ammina Kothari, When Rape Victims Become Symbolic Representations of War: A Textual Analysis of the NY Times Reporting on the Use of “Rape as Weapon of War”in Darfu, a paper Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication, Chicago, Aug. 6, 2008, available at http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p271438_index.html (last visited on Aug. 17, 2009). 미소장
53 Mikael Nabati, UN responds to the crisis in Darfur: Security Council Resolution 1556, ASIL INSIGHTS, Aug. 2004, available at http://www.asil.org/insigh142.cfm (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
54 Pamela Shifman, the UNICEF advisor on violence and sexual exploitation, said she heard dozens of harrowing accounts of sexual assaults- including numerous reports of gang rapes. UN News Centre, UNICEF advisor says rape in Darfur, Sudan continues with impunity, Oct. 19, 2004, available at http://www.un.org/apps/news/story.asp?NewsID=12280&Cr=darfur&Cr1 (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
55 Peter Walker, Darfur genocide charges for Sudanese President Omar al-Bashir, THE GUARDIAN, July, 14, 2008, available at http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/jul/14/sudan.warcrimes1?gusrc=rss&feed=worldnews, (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
56 Payam Akhavan, a professor of International Law at McGill University and a former war crimes prosecutor, in CBC NEWS, July, 14, 2008, available at http://www.cbc.ca/world/story/2008/07/14/bashir-icc-charges.html (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
57 Qatar, Arab League reject ICC co-operation request on Bashir arrest, THE SUDAN TRIBUNE, Mar. 17, 2009, available at http://www.sudantribune.com/spip.php?article30536 (last visited on Aug. 18, 2009). 미소장
58 VIRGINIA WOOLF, THREE GUINEAS (1963). 미소장

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