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Arvo Pt is one of the most representative figure in widely performed modern music and has a public popularity among contemporary composers. His influence is not only limited in classical music but extended in film and mass media as a standard repertoire. In 1976, He highlighted the basic manner of "tintinnabuli (Latin for Sounding bell)" technique with F Alina after a long silence period. This extraordinary and unexpected composing technique stimulates inner fullness with silence and ringing effect in acoustic environment which results spiritualism and new simplicity. His music is challenging, direct and simply expressed but its implicit lyricism often comes up an "intimacy" to audience, and brought on artistry and popularity.

This article analyses Fratres f Violine, Streichorchester und Schlagzeug for research on his tintinnabuli, musical style and compositional technique. This music is in two parts, the first part is played by unaccompanied violin solo with cadenza style combined with minimalism, and the second part is passacaglia and seven variations with violin solo, percussion and string orchestra. In this work, minimalism and neoclassicism are systematically combined with tintinnabuli technique. According to observation, his "new simplicity" with tintinnabuli is derived from combinations of several elements which are in the followings.

1) M-voice is constructed with four types of diatonic scales. 2) T-voice is started with simple triads and then is gradually expanded. 3) M-voice is always comprised on a pitch center with ascending and descending motion. Therefore, every note is facing on a pitch center even if modes are altered.

M-voice, a role of melodic line, always moves in stepwise motions, so the main melodies produce vocal quality of melodic lines in the lowest pitch of triads in violin solo at the first part, and the same is true in the theme of passacaglia at the second part of music even if this music is in instrumental piece. Indeed, melodic lines produce both two paths of lyricism and simplicity which are simultaneously appearing. Therefore, singable, memorable melodic lines give an intimacy to audience.

In this research, the characteristics of neoclassicism and minimalism manifest in Fratres. However, he applied those styles with his new formal principle which is comprised with additive of beats, use of added tone, mixture of M-voice and T-voice, confliction of two mode, transformation of thematic line in passacaglia. Especially, melodic line is extremely emphasized among on repetitive triads in minimalism, added tone and mixture of modes for polarity is superimposed with basic manner of titinnanuli technique. In his music we are able to find many compositional techniques and styles of western music such as minimalism with repetition of triads and specific patterns, usage of polarity in neoclassicism, Neo-Renaissance with configuration method of M-voice, Neo-Baroque with passacaglia and even medieval technique of palindrome. His music reflects many compositional techniques of former eras but he did not simply follow their styles. He combined it with his new method of titinnabuli so each traditional styles are reborn with his own style and originality.

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한국 전통 장단과 재즈 리듬에 대한 연구 = Different Perspectives on Similar Rhythmic Structures between Korean Traditional Music and Jazz : 유사성과 개별성을 바탕으로 한 상호 호환 가능성 모색 최보미 pp.45-71

릴리 불랑제의 <세 개의 소품>(Trois Morceaux)에 관한 분석 연구 = An Analytical Study of Lili Boulnager's <Trois Morceaux> 김희정 pp.73-101

마르탱 8 Préludes pour le Piano 박과 리듬 분석에 기초한 플라스틱 아니메의 적용 = The Application of Plastique Animée based on the Analysis of Beat and Rhythm of Martin's 8 Preludes for Piano 김지혜, 유승지 pp.165-208
Let Me Explain! A Global Message using Korean Traditional Resources in a Performing Arts Work, Jasmine Kwangju = 전통자원으로 글로벌 메시지를 담은 작품, '자스민 광주' : 그 연행 분석과 평가양상 진단 Mikyung Park pp.209-230

아르보 페르트의『프라트레스, Fratres』에 나타난 음악 양식과 작곡기법 = Musical Styles and Compositional Techniques in Arvo Pärt's Fratres 곽진향 pp.127-164

영화 <멜랑콜리아>(2011)가 표현하는 자기소멸의 미학 = The Aesthetics of 'self-destruction' expressed by the film <Melancholia> : Through Correlation and its Expansion with Wagner : 바그너의 연관성과 확장성을 통해 김은하 pp.103-126
장일남의 관현악곡에 대한 조명 = An Illumination on Orchestral Music by Il-Nam Chang : Focusing on His Symphonic Poem Han River : 교향시 <한강>을 중심으로 이미배 pp.5-44

참고문헌 (16건) : 자료제공( 네이버학술정보 )

참고문헌 목록에 대한 테이블로 번호, 참고문헌, 국회도서관 소장유무로 구성되어 있습니다.
번호 참고문헌 국회도서관 소장유무
1 Adams, James. 2007 "The Regional Diversification of Latin BC-AD 600," In the Latin of 6th Century Roman Gaul. (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press), 32. 미소장
2 Barenboim, Daniel. 2009 Music Quickens Time, (London, New York: Verso), 141-143. 미소장
3 Bouteneff, Peter. 2015 Arvo Pärt: Out of Silence, (New York: St. Vladimirs Seminary Press), 57. 미소장
4 Clarke, David. 1994 “Summan for String Quartet, Festina Lente for String Orchestra and Harp ad libitum, Fratres for 4,8,12, Violoncelli et al. (Music & Letters 75/4), 652-5 미소장
5 The New Simplicity: The Music of Górecki, Tavener and Pärt 네이버 미소장
6 Gann, Kyle and Keith Potter. 2013 The Ashgate Research Companion to Minimalist and Postminimalist Music, (London, New York: Routledge Press), 328. 미소장
7 Hillier, Paul. 1997 Arvo Pärt. (Oxford, England: Oxford University Press), 33-132. 미소장
8 An Interview with Arvo Pärt 네이버 미소장
9 Shenton, Andrew. 1994 The Cambridge companion to Arvo Pärt, (Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press), 1-3. 미소장
10 Pärt, Arvo. 1992 Fratres für Violine, Streichorchester und Schlagzeug. (Vienna: Universal Edition) 미소장
11 Pärt E. Rodda 1994 “Recording annotation of Fratres: Quotation from Arvo Pärt, ” Fratres, I Fiamminghi, The Orchestra of Flanders. (Rudolf, Werthen, Telarc CD-80387) 2. 미소장
12 Rockwell, John. 1985 Composers who March To A Different Drummer. (The New York Times, March 31, Section 2), 2. Stewart, Andrew. 1998 Arvo Pärt. (Music Week. 28), 13. 미소장
13 Utz, Richard and Jesse G. Swan. 2004 Studies in Medievalism XI II : Postmodernism Medievalism (Cambridge: D. S. Brewer), 34. 미소장
14 Arvo Pärt Centre, Works, 미소장
15 Radio SWR2, 미소장
16 Arvo Part Biography. ed. by Nora Part and Saale Kareda. Universal Edition 미소장

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