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This paper is a study on John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath in terms of religious symbolism and universal education. Up until now, Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath has been typically read as anachronistic social activism, sentimental Marxist fables, and being weakened Christian theology through failed preacher, Jim Casy. The religious interpretation of this work has also regarded the text at best as an allegorical reproduction of Exodus. However, since the Joads end the story not in the promised land but in the destitute place, such criticism requires complete rereading of this novel. Therefore, this novel is more meaningful if it is considered to be a reversal of Exodus. The Joads family move from a desperate but occupied promise land, Oklahoma to bondage of California. Through this extended image, Steinbeck shows a greater vision of material poverty teaching the Joads a broader Christian view of the world, a universal evolution from “I” to “we”.
번호 | 참고문헌 | 국회도서관 소장유무 |
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1 | Bloom, Harold. Introduction. John Steinbeck 1-5. New York: Chelsea House, 2008. | 미소장 |
2 | Bloom, Harold, ed. John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. | 미소장 |
3 | Bowden, Edwin T. “The Commonplace and the Grotesque.” Davis, Twentieth Century 191(2006): 15-23. Rpt. of The Dungeon of the Heart. New York: Macmillan, 1961.138-49. | 미소장 |
4 | Burns, Stuart L. “The Turtle or the Gopher: Another Look at the Ending of The Grapes of Wrath.” Western American Literature 9 (1974): 53-57. Rpt. in Davis, Twentieth Century 192 (2008): 100-104. | 미소장 |
5 | Cannon, Gerard. “The Pauline Apostleship of Tom Joad.” College English 24.3 (1962):222-24. JSTOR. Web. 2 Sept. 2018. | 미소장 |
6 | Carlson, Eric W. “Symbolism in The Grapes of Wrath” College English 19.4 (1958): 172-75. JSTOR. Web. 2 Sept. 2018. | 미소장 |
7 | Crockett, H. Kelly. “The Bible and The Grapes of Wrath.” College English 24.3 (1962):193-99. JSTOR. Web. 2 Sept. 2018. | 미소장 |
8 | Davis, Robert Con. Introduction. Contemporary Literary Criticism: Literary and Cultural Studies. New York: Longman, 1998. | 미소장 |
9 | Davis, Robert Con, ed. Twentieth Century Interpretations: The Grapes of Wrath. Englewood Cliffs NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1982. | 미소장 |
10 | de Schweintiz, George. “Steinbeck and Christianity.” College English 19.8 (1958): 369. JSTOR. Web. 2 Sept. 2018. | 미소장 |
11 | Doughterty, Charles T. “The Christ-Figure in The Grapes of Wrath.” College English 24.3(1962): 224-26. JSTOR. Web. 2 Sept. 2018. | 미소장 |
12 | Dunn, Thomas F. “The Grapes of Wrath.” College English 24.7 (1963): 566-67. JSTOR. Web. 2 Sept. 2018. | 미소장 |
13 | Fontenrose, Joseph. “The Grapes of Wrath.” In The Critical Response to John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath, edited by Barbara A. Heavilin, Westport, CT: Green, 2000. 71-86. | 미소장 |
14 | French, Warren, ed. A Companion to The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Viking Press, 1963. | 미소장 |
15 | French, Warren, ed. “From Naturalism to the Drama of Consciousness -- The Education of the Heart in The Grapes of Wrath.” Davis, Twentieth Century 175 (2006): 24-35. | 미소장 |
16 | Gladstein, Mimi Reisel. “The Indestructible Women: Ma joad and Rose of Sharon.” The Indestructible Woman in Faulkner, Hemingway and Steinbeck. Studies in Modern Literature 45. Ann Arbor MI: UMI Research Press, 1986. Rpt. in Bloom, John Steinbeck 115-28. | 미소장 |
17 | Griffin, Robert J. and William A. Freedman. “Machines and Animals: Pervasive Motifs in The Grapes of Wrath.” Journal of English and Germanic Philology 62 (1963): 569-80. Rpt. in Davis, Twentieth Century 188 (2007): 115-27. | 미소장 |
18 | Heavilin, Barbara A., ed. The Critical Response to John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 2000. | 미소장 |
19 | Henderson, George. “John Steinbecks Spatial Imagination in The Grapes of Wrath.” Heavilin. In The Critical Response to John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath. Westport CT:Greenwood Press, 2000. 99-117. | 미소장 |
20 | Howarth, William. “The Mother of Literature: Journalism and The Grapes of Wrath.” Wyatt, In New Essays on The Grapes of Wrath. New York: Cambridge UP Press, 1990. 71-99. | 미소장 |
21 | Hunter, J. Paul. “Steinbeck’s Wine of Affirmation in The Grapes of Wrath.” Essays in Modern American Literature. De Land FL: Stetson University Press, 1963. 76-89. Rpt. in Davis, Twentieth Century 188 (2007): 36-47. | 미소장 |
22 | Jukyo Conference The Bible Committee. The Bible. Seoul: Catholic Bishops’ Conference of Korea, 2017.[주교회의 성서위원회. 『성경』. 서울: 한국천주교중앙협의회, 2017.] | 미소장 |
23 | Levant, Howard. “The Fully Matured Art: The Grapes of Wrath.” The Novels of John Steinbeck: A Critical Study. Columbia MO: University of Missouri Press, 1974. Rpt. in Bloom, John Steinbeck 17-44. | 미소장 |
24 | Lisca, Peter. “The Grapes of Wrath: An Achievement of Genius.” John Steinbeck: Nature and Myth. New York: Thomas Y. Crowell Publishers, 1978. 87-110. Rpt. in Davis, Twentieth Century 192 (2008): 48-62. | 미소장 |
25 | Lisca, Peter “The Grapes of Wrath as Fiction.” PMLA 72.1 (1957): 296-309. JSTOR. Web. 2Sept. 2018. | 미소장 |
26 | Lutwack, Leonard. “The Grapes of Wrath as Heroic Fiction.” Heroic Fiction: The Epic Tradition and American Novels of the Twentieth Century. Carbondale 1L: Southern Illinois University Press, 1971. 47-63. Rpt. in Davis, Twentieth Century 45 (1992):63-75. | 미소장 |
27 | Matten, Colin G. “Water Imagery and the Conclusion to The Grapes of Wrath.” In The Critical Response to John Steinbeck’s The Grapes of Wrath. Westport CT: Greenwood Press, 2000. 95-98. | 미소장 |
28 | Perkin, J. R. C. “Exodus Imagery in The Grapes of Wrath.” Literature and the Bible. Rodopi Perspectives on Modern Literature 9. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1993. 79-93. | 미소장 |
29 | Railton, Stephen. “Pilgrim’s Politic: Steinbecks Art of Conversion.” Wyatt, In New Essays on The Grapes of Wrath. Ed. David Wyatt. New York: Cambridge UP Press, 1990. 27-46. | 미소장 |
30 | Ross, Woodburn. “John Steinbeck: Naturalism’s Priest.” College English 10.8 (1949): 432- 38. JSTOR. Web. 2 Sept. 2018. | 미소장 |
31 | Shockley, Martin. “Christian Symbolism in The Grapes of Wrath.” College English 18.2(1956): 87-90. JSTOR. Web. 2 Sept. 2018. | 미소장 |
32 | Steinbeck, John. The Grapes of Wrath. 1939. New York: Penguin, 1982. | 미소장 |
33 | Steinbeck, John. Banquet Speech. Nobel Prize Banquet. Stockholm. Web. 20 Sept. 2008. | 미소장 |
34 | Wyatt, David. Introduction. In New Essays on The Grapes of Wrath. Ed. David Wyatt. New York: Cambridge UP Press, 1990. 1-26. | 미소장 |
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