[표제지 등]

제출문

요약문

SUMMARY

List of Table

List of Figure

칼라

목차

제1장 서론 26

제2장 분무건조흡수공정의 개발배경 28

제1절 아황산가스 배출현황 및 전망 28

제2절 분무건조흡수공정의 특징 32

1. 건식배연탈황공정의 개요 32

2. 습식 및 건식배연탈황공정의 성능개선 현황 32

가. GE Dry Scrubbing 배연탈황 공정 33

나. LILAC공정 38

다. AFGD (Advanced Flue Gas Desulfurization) 공정 40

라. 개량형 CT-121 공정 40

마. GE 황산암모늄 공정 45

제3절 분무건조흡수공정의 이용현황 및 전망 48

제3장 분무건조흡수공정의 이론적 배경(이론적배경) 및 파일럿 플랜트 장치 구성 53

제1절 이론적 배경 53

제2절 분무건조흡수 파일럿 플랜트의 구성 57

1. 파일럿플렌트의 제작 및 설치 57

가. 연소시설 및 반응기의 구성 61

나. 방지설비의 구성 64

다. 부대설비의 구성 65

라. 물질수지 65

2. 노즐 제작 67

제3절 파일럿 플렌트 장치운전 및 실험방법 73

1. 파일럿 플랜트 운전변수 73

2. 시료의 채취 및 분석 76

3. 파일럿 플랜트 실험방법 80

제4장 실험결과 및 고찰 81

제1절 1차년도 연구개발 내용 81

제2절 2차년도 연구개발 내용 84

제3절 파일럿 플랜트 실험결과 및 고찰 87

1. 온도와 아황산가스 제거효율 87

2. 노즐과 아황산가스 제거효율 94

3. 흡수제 양론비 및 체류시간 변화에 따른 아황산가스 제거효율 98

4. 흡수제에 따른 아황산가스 제거 효과 103

5. 반응생성물의 조성 105

6. 집진장치에서의 아황산가스 제거효과 108

7. 유사 공정과의 제거효과 비교 111

제4절 분무건조흡수공정 상용화를 위한 기술검토 114

1. 파일럿 플랜트 운전에서 나타난 문제점 114

가. 흡수제에 의한 스케일 생성 114

나. 플러깅 (Plugging) 115

다. 여과집진시설의 섬유여재 115

2. 분부흡수건조 배연탈황 장치의 점검 118

3. 반응생성물의 처리와 이용 119

제5절 파일럿 플랜트 운전을 통한 비용평가 119

1. 장치제작 및 설치비 120

2. 부지비용 121

3. 운전비용 122

4. 총비용 및 타공정과의 비교 124

제5장 결론 125

참고문헌 131

부록 136

위탁과제: 산업용 배연탈황공정개발을 위한 단위장치 연구(III) 151

요약문 153

SUMMARY 158

목차 163

제1장 서론 170

제2장 실험장치의 구성 및(구성및) 요소기술의 개발내용 172

제1절 분무식 건조흡수반응기의 원리 및(원리및) 공정개요 172

제2절 단위 장치개발을 위한 시스템의 구성 177

가. 연소장치 179

나. 분무흡수건조반응기 179

다. 여과집진기 (Bag Filter) 181

라. 가열장치 181

마. 석회 183

바. 아황산가스 측정장치 183

제3절 요소기술 개발내용 184

1. 흡수장치 및(흡수장치및) 첨가제의 개발 184

2. 파일롯플랜트용 노즐개발을 위한 Lab-Scale의 분무노즐의 제작 187

3. 파일롯플랜트용 대형분사노즐의 개발. 192

제3장 실험결과 및 고찰 194

제1절 1차년도 연구개발내용 194

제2절 2차년도 연구개발내용 196

제3절 사용흡수제의 종류에 따른 아황산가스의 처리효율변화 198

제4절 첨가제사용에 따른 아황산가스의 처리효율변화 201

제5절 반응생성물의 화학성분 및 조성의 분석결과 205

제6절 분무흡수건조식 배연탈황장치용 분사노즐의 성능평가 211

제7절 파일롯플랜트용제작노즐의 성능평가 219

제4장 분무흡수건조반응기를 이용한 아황산가스 처리공정시스템구성을 위한 분석 226

제1절 분무흡수건조식 배연탈황공정시스템의 설계 226

1. 생석회의 보관 및(보관및) 조작설비 (9) 229

2. 슬러리 준비 및(준비및) 조작설비 (9) 229

가. 석회 소화기(slaker) 229

나. 석회 슬러리 스크린 231

다. 반응제 저장 탱크 231

3. 분무흡수건조반응기 232

가. 분무장치 232

나. 회전식분무기와 이류체식노즐의 비교 237

다. 장치의 부식 239

4. 집진장치 (9)(10)(11) 240

제2절 분무흡수건조반응장치의 운전과 보수·유지 (9) 242

1. 분무흡수건조반응식 배연탈황시스템에서의 운전시 문제점 242

가. 슬러리의 침적 242

나. 소화 (소화, Slaking) 242

다. 플러깅 (Plugging) 243

라. 섬유여재장치 243

마. 반응기 벽에서의 입자 침적 244

2. 분무흡수건조반응식 배연탈황시스템점검의 유형 245

가. 예방점검 (Preventive maintenance) 245

나. 예정점검 (Planned Maintenance) 245

다. 긴급점검 (Emergent Maintenance) 245

3. 반응생성물의 처리와 이용 246

제5장 분무흡수건조반응식 배연탈황장치성능의 이론적해석 247

제1절 이론적 모델 247

1. 기체상에서의 물질수지와 에너지수지 248

2. 액적의 물질수지식과 에너지수지식 252

3. 가스상 물질·에너지 수지식의 적용 255

가. 완전혼합형 (Back Mixed Flow Pattern) 255

나. 플러그흐름형 (Plug Flow Pattern) 256

제2절 모델의 예측결과와 실험결과와의 비교 258

제6장 결론 265

참고문헌 268

부록 270

[title page etc.]

SUMMARY

Contents

Chapter 1. Introduction 26

Chapter 2. Background of SDA Plant Development 28

Section 1. Current Status and Forecasting for SO₂ Emission 28

Section 2. Characteristics(Chracteristics) of FGD Process 32

1. Introduction of Dry FGD Process 32

2. Advanced Technologies(Technologis) of Dry and Wet FGD Process 32

A. GE Dry Scrubbing Process 33

B. LILAC Process 38

C. AFGD Process 40

D. Advanced CT-121 Process 40

E. GE Ammonium Sulfate Process 45

Section 3. Current(Curent) Status and Forecasting for SDA Process 48

Chapter 3. Theoretical Background and Pilot Plant Scheme 53

Section 1. Theoretical Background 53

Section 2. SDA Pilot Plant System 57

1. Pilot Plant Installation 57

A. Reactor and Boiler 61

B. Bag Filter 64

C. Auxiliary 65

D. Material Balance 65

2. Nozzle Design 67

Section 3. Operation(Operation) and Experiment of SDA Pilot Plant 73

1. Operation Parameter(Operaton Paramenter) 73

2. Analytical Methods 76

3. Experimental Methods(Mthods) 80

Chapter 4. Experimental Results and Discussion 81

Section 1. 1st year's Experimental Results 81

Section 2. 2nd year's Experimental Results 84

Section 3. Experimental Results of Pilot Plant 87

1. Temperature vs SO₂ Removal Efficiency 88

2. SO₂ Removal Efficiency with varying Nozzles 94

3. Ca／S Ratio and Residence Time 98

4. SO₂ Removal Efficiency with respect to Absorbents 103

5. Composition of Reactants 105

6. Removal Effect in Bag House 108

7. Comparison of Pilot Plant Experimental Results 111

Section 4. Technical Consideration for Commercialization 114

1. Problems during Pilot Plant Operation 114

A. Scale 114

B. Plugging 115

C. Filter Bag 115

2. Maintenance SDA Process 118

3. Reuse and Recycling of Reactants 119

Section 5. Cost Estimation for SDA Plant 119

1. Installation Coat 120

2. Land Cost 121

3. Operation Cost 122

4. Total Cost 124

Chapter 5. Conclusion 125

Reference 131

Appendix 136

[위탁과제: 산업용 배연탈황공정개발을 위한 단위장치연구(III)] 151

SUMMARY 158

Contents

Chapter 1. Introduction 170

Chapter 2. Experimental Equipments and Developed Technologies 172

Section 1. Theory and Process Overview of SADR 172

Section 2. System Design to Develop FGD Units 177

A. Combustor 179

B. SADR 179

C. Bag Filter 181

D. Heating Elements 181

E. Lime 183

F. Sulfur Dioxide Analyzer 183

Section 3. Developed Technologies 184

1. Development of Absorber and Additives 184

2. Development of Two Fluid Nozzles for Lab-scale Experiments 187

3. Development of Two Fluid Nozzle for Pilot Plant 192

Chapter 3. Experimental Results and Discussion 194

Section 1. Experimental Results in 1993 194

Section 2. Experimental Results in 1994 196

Section 3. SO₂ Removal Efficiency using Sodium Hydroxide and Calcium Hydroxides Mixture 198

Section 4. SO₂ Removal Efficiency for Various Additives 201

Section 5. Composition of By-product 205

Section 6. Evaluation of Developed Two Fluid Nozzles for Lab-scale Experiments and Pilot Plant 211

Chapter 4. Analysis for Design of SADR FGD System 226

Section 1. Design of SADR FGD System 226

1. Lime Storage and Handling Equipment 229

2. Slurry Preparation and Handling Equipment 229

A. Lime Slaker 229

B. Lime Slurry Screen 231

3. Spray Absorption／Drying Reactor 232

A. Spraying Equipment 232

B. Rotary Atomizer vs. Two Fluid Nozzle 237

C. Corrosion of Equipment 239

4. Dust Collector 240

Section 2. Operation and Maintenance of SADR FGD System 242

1. Expected Troubles in Operation of SADR FGD System 242

A. Deposition of Slurry in FGD System 242

B. Trouble in Lime Slaking 242

C. Plugging 243

D. Trouble in Fabric Filter 243

E. Deposition of Dust in the Wall of Reactor 244

2. Types of Maintenance 245

A. Preventive Maintenance 245

B. Planned Maintenance 245

C. Emergent Maintenance 245

3. Disposal and Reuse of By-product 246

Chapter 5. Analysis of SADR Performance 247

Section 1. Theoretical(Theoritical) Model 247

1. Overall Gas Phase Mass and Energy Balances 248

2. Droplet Mass and Energy Balance 252

3. Application of Equations 255

A. Back Mixed Flow Pattern 255

B. Plug Plow Pattern 256

Section 2. Comparison of Expected Results vs. Observed Results 258

Chapter 6. Conclusion 265

Reference 268

Appendix 270

산업용 배연탈황 건식공정개발 22

Table 1. Consumption Rates of Fossile Fuels at each Sectors, 1994 29

Table 2. Estimation of Energy Demand in Korea 30

Table 3. Air Pollution Debatement Policy and Plan in Korea 31

Table 4. Yearly Estimated Cost for FGD Installation in Power Plants 31

Table 5. Comparison of Chiyoda CT-121 vs. conventional FGD process 45

Table 6. Phase I Scrubber Projects in U.S 49

Table 7. U.S. FGD scrubber sales (1989 - 1994) 50

Table 8. Current Status of FGD Plant at OECD Countries 51

Table 9. Current and future FGD Installation in Europe(MW) 52

Table 10. Schedule of SDA Pilot Plant Installation 58

Table 11. SDA Reactor Specification 64

Table 12. Dust Control Device Specification 65

Table 13. Material Balance sheet of SDA Equipment 66

Table 14. Nozzle Specification 69

Table 15. Reagent flow Rate in Pilot Plant Experiment(Type I) 74

Table 16. Reagent flow Rate in Pilot Plant Experiment (Type II) 74

Table 17. Analytical Methods 79

Table 18. Specification of SO₂ Analyzer 79

Table 19. Gas and Experimental Condition 80

Table 20. Approach Temperature Variation in Pilot Plant Experiments 92

Table 21. Bag Filter에서의 아황산가스 제거율 109

Table 22. Comparison of NIER Pilot Plant and LILAC 112

Table 23. Problems and Solutions during Pilot Plant Operation 117

Table 24. Operating Data in SDA Pilot Plant 123

Table 25. Operating Cost in SDA Pilot Plant 123

위탁과제: 산업용 배연탈황공정개발을 위한 단위장치 연구(III) 166

Table 2-1. Experimental Conditions of SADR 179

Table 2-2. Composition of Lime used in Experiments (Test Method: KSL-9004) 183

Table 2-3. Specification of SO₂ Analyzer 184

Table 2-4. Characteristics of Absorbents and Additives Used in SADR (5)(6) 186

산업용 배연탈황 건식공정개발 24

Fig.2-1. Schematic Flow Diagram of GE Scrubbing System 36

Fig.2-2. GE Two - Loop Control System 37

Fig.2-3. Schematic Flow Diagram of LILAC FGD System 39

Fig.2-4. Schematic Flow Diagram of Advanced(Advenced) Flue Gas Desulfurization System 41

Fig.2-5. Schematic Flow Diagram of Advanced(Advenced) CT-121 System 44

Fig.2-6. Schematic Flow Diagram of GE's Ammonium Sulfate System 47

Fig.3-1. Slurry Droplet Model 55

Fig.3-2. Simplified Block Diagram of SDA Pilot Plant 59

Fig.3-3. Detailed Schematic Flow Diagram of SDA Pilot Plant 60

Fig.3-4. Type I SDA Reactor 62

Fig.3-5. Type II SDA Reactor 63

Fig.3-6. Diagram of BETE Nozzle Structure(Staructure) 70

Fig.3-7. Diagram of Self-Designed Nozzle Structure(Staructure) 71

Fig.3-8. Shape of Nozzle Cap 72

Fig.3-9. SO₂ Sampling Apparatus(Appratus) in Inlet Flue Gas 77

Fig.3-10. Continuous Emission Monitoring System 78

Fig.4-1. Steady State Conditions 88

Fig.4-2. Temperature Variation in SDA Reactor (R.T＝13 sec) 89

Fig.4-3. Difference between inlet and outlet Temperature (Ca／S＝1.2) 90

Fig.4-4. Approach Temperature Variation with Ca／S Ratio (R.T＝10 sec) 93

Fig.4-5. SO₂ Removal Efficiency with Varying Nozzle Angle (R.T＝10 sec, Ca／S＝1.5) 96

Fig.4-6. SO₂ Removal Efficiency with Varying Nozzle Hole Diameter (Ca／S＝1.5) 97

Fig.4-7. SO₂ Removal Efficiency with Varying Ca／S Ratio (Ca(OH)₂＝10%) 100

Fig.4-8. SO₂ Removal Efficiency with Varying Ca(OH)₂ Concentration (R.T＝17 sec) 101

Fig.4-9. SO₂ Removal Efficiency with Varying Residence Time (Ca(OH)₂＝10%) 102

Fig.4-10. SO₂ Removal Efficiency with Varying Absorbents (R.T＝10 sec) 104

Fig.4-11. Reactant Composition in the Bag Filter Front and Back site (R.T＝10 sec) 106

Fig.4-12. CaCl₂ Effect to Reactant Composition in the Bag Filter Front and Back site 107

Fig.4-13. SO₂ Removal Efficiency in Bag House 110

Fig.4-14. Comparison of SDA Pilot Plant Experimental Data 113

위탁과제: 산업용 배연탈황공정개발을 위한 단위장치 연구(III) 167

Fig.2-1. SO₂Removal by Ca(OH)₂ Particles in SADR 172

Fig.2-2. Drying and Reaction Sequence of Atomized Droplet (2) 176

Fig.2-3. Flow Diagram of Spray Absorption／Drying Reactor FGD Test System 178

Fig.2-4. Diagrams of Spray Absorption／Drying Reactors 182

Fig.2-5. Structure Diagram of Developed Nozzle Type No. 1 189

Fig.2-6. Structure Diagram of Developed Nozzle Type No. 2 190

Fig.2-7. Structure Diagram of Developed Nozzle Type No. 3 191

Fig.2-8. Structure Diagram of Developed Nozzle for Pilot Plant 193

Fig.3-1. Temperature Variation by Using NaOH and Ca(OH)₂ 199

Fig.3-2. The Trend of SO₂Removal Efficiency Using NaOH and Ca(OH)₂ 200

Fig.3-3. Temperature Variation by Using Ca(CH3COO)₂ as Additive 202

Fig.3-4. Temperature Variation by Using CaCl₂as Additive 203

Fig.3-5. The Trend of SO₂ Removal Efficiency for Various Additives 204

Fig.3-6. Composition of Ca(OH)₂ Residue from Hopper 207

Fig.3-7. Composition of Ca(OH)₂ Residue from Bag Filter 207

Fig.3-8. Composition of Residue Using NaOH as Additive from Hopper 208

Fig.3-9. Composition of Residue Using NaOH as Additive from Bag Filter 208

Fig.3-10. Composition of Residue Using Ca(COOH)₂ as Additive from Hopper 209

Fig.3-11. Composition of Residue Using Ca(COOH)₂ as Additive from Bag Filter 209

Fig.3-12. Composition of Residue Using CaCl₂ as Additive from Hopper 210

Fig.3-13. Composition of Residue Using CaCl₂ as Additive from Bag Filter 210

Fig.3-14. Reactor Center Temperature Variation by Using Nozzle Type 1 212

Fig.3-15. Reactor Center Temperature Variation by Using Nozzle Type 2 213

Fig.3-16. Reactor Wall Temperature Variation by Using Nozzle Type 1 214

Fig.3-17. Reactor Wall Temperature Variation by Using Nozzle Type 2 215

Fig.3-18. Comparison Temperature Variations Between Nozzle Type 3 and Japanese S-company Nozzle 216

Fig.3-19. The Trend of SO₂ Removal Efficiency for Various Nozzles 218

Fig.3-20. The Trend of SO₂ Removal Efficiency for Various Hole's Dia and Gas Retention Time in Pilot Plant Test 220

Fig.3-21. The Trend of SO₂ Removal Efficiency for Various Spray Angle of Slurry in Pilot Plant Test 222

Fig.3-22. The Trend of SO₂ Removal Efficiency for Various Stoichiometric Ratio in Pilot Plant Test 224

Fig.3-23. The Trend of SO₂ Removal Efficiency for Temperature Difference between Inlet and Outlet of Absorber in Pilot Plant Test 225

Fig.4-1. Simplified Diagram of an Industrial Spray Absorption Drying FGD System, without Recycle (7) 227

Fig.4-2. Diagram of an Utility Spray Absorption Drying FGD System, with Recycle (2) 228

Fig.4-3. Lime Storage, Handling, and Slaking Equipment (9) 230

Fig.4-4. Spray Dryer Arrangement 234

Fig.4-5. Capital Cost Comparison between Rotary Atomizer and Two-fluid Pressure Nozzle (11) 236

Fig.4-6. Droplet Size Distributions from Two Fluid Nozzle and Rotary Atomizer (7) 238

Fig.5-1. Comparison between predicted(Predicited) and Observed SO₂ Removal Efficiencies according to Flow Rate Change of Slurry Atomized in SADR1 260

Fig.5-2. Comparison between Predicted(Predicited) and Observed SO₂ Removal Efficiencies according to Flow Rate Change of Slurry in SADR2 261

Fig.5-3. Comparison between Predicted(Predicited) and Observed SO₂ Removal Efficiencies according to Stoichiometric Ratio Change in SADR2 262

Fig.5-4. Comparison between Predicted(Predicited) and Observed SO₂ Removal Efficiencies according to Stoichiometric Ratio Change in Pilot Plant for Gas Retention Time＝10 sec. 263