[표제지 등]

제출문

요약문

SUMMARY

List of Table

List of Figure

목차

제1장 서론 33

제1절 연구 배경 33

제2절 연구 개발 내용 및 범위 34

제2장 Biodiesel Oil 개발 현황 42

제1절 개요 42

제2절 유지의 화학적 특성 및 연료적 특성 43

제3절 유지의 Biodiesel Oil로의 이용법 45

1. 희석법 46

2. 유지의 열분해법 및 microemulsion 법 46

3. 유지의 에스테르화 47

제4절 Biodiesel 연료의 상업화 현황 2, 25 51

제3장 바이오 디젤유 제조 기초 실험 54

제1절 개요 54

제2절 실험 55

1. 시료 및 실험 장치 55

2. 분석 방법 57

가. 전환율 57

나. HPLC에 의한 지방산 조성분석 59

다. GC-MS에 의한 유지 조성 분석 60

라. 산값 63

마. 비누화 값 63

바. 요오드 값 64

사. 굴절율 65

아. 점도 65

제3절 결과 및 고찰 66

1. 메탄올 혼합비에 따른 전환율 변화 66

2. 촉매 농도에 따른 전환율 변화 71

3. 반응 온도에 따른 전환율 변화 78

4. 알코올 종류에 따른 전환율 변화 82

5. 점도 88

6. 경유와 물성 비교 89

7. 폐식용유와 에스테르유의 GC-MS 분석 90

제4절 결론 98

제4장 미강유 및 폐식용유의 미립화 특성실험 99

제1절 개요 99

제2절 이론 101

1. 노즐 101

2. 액체 분사의 붕괴(Disintegration of liquid jets) 103

3. 초음파 (Ultrasonic wave) 85) 111

4. 공동현상 (Cavitation) 69,85) 113

5. 액적의 수분포 및 평균크기 115

제3절 실험장치 및 실험방법 117

1. 실험장치 117

가. 노즐 117

나. 분사 system 119

다. 초음파 system 85) 120

(1) 초음파 발진 장치(창치) 120

(2) 진동자 혼(Horn)의 설계와 장착 121

(3) 진동자 혼(Horn)의 장착 123

라. 포집장치 125

마. PDPA system 127

2. 실험방법 128

가. 연료특성 실험방법 128

나. 액침법 129

다. PDPA 측정법 130

제4절 결과 및 고찰 131

1. Biodiesel 유의 특성실험 131

2. 미강유의 분무특성 실험 및 결과 133

가. 액침법에의 한 실험결과 134

나. PDPA의 규정에 의한 실험결과 147

3. 폐식용유에 대한 실험 157

가. 액침법에 의한 실험결과 157

제5절 결론 176

제5장 바이오 디젤유 엔진의 성능시험 178

제1절 서론 178

제2절 재료 및 방법 179

1. 재료 179

가. 사용 연료 179

나. 공시엔진 180

2. 실험장치 181

가. 실험장치 181

나. 측정 및 조절 기기 185

(1) 엔진동력 측정장치 185

(2) Throttle actuator 및 controller 186

(3) 배기가스분석기 및 매연 측정기 186

(4) 온도측정장치 189

(5) 기타 189

3. 실험 방법 191

제3절 결과 및 고찰 191

1. 성능곡선 191

2. 토오크 및 기관출력 192

3. 제동 연료 소비율 및 연료필터 196

가. 제동 연료 소비율 196

나. 연료필터 198

4. 제동 평균 유효 압력(BMEP) 200

5. 배기가스 배출농도 200

가. 이산화유황(SO₂) 200

나. 질소산화물(NOx) 201

다. 매연(smoke) 배출 농도 202

제4절 결론 207

제6장 바이오 디젤유 엔진의 포장 실증 시험 210

제1절 서론 210

제2절 재료 및 방법 211

1. 실험재료 211

가. 연료 211

나. 공시 트랙터 및 엔진 212

다. 실험장치 213

(1) PTO 동력측정장치 213

(2) 온도측정장치 및 계측전원 214

라. 토양 조건 215

(1) 포장작업 토양조건 215

(2) 시설하우스 내 토양조건 216

마. 기관연료계통의 개조 216

2. 실험방법 218

제3절 결과 및 고찰 222

1. PTO성능시험 222

가. PTO출력 222

나. 연료소비율 222

다. 엔진 Oil온도 225

라. 냉각수 온도 225

마. 배기Gas온도 228

바. 매연배출농도 228

2. 바이오 디젤유 엔진의 포장실증시험 231

3. 시설하우스 안의 배기배출물농도 231

4. 내구성시험 236

제5절 결론 240

제7장 종합 결론 및 건의 사항 244

참고문헌 248

(표 2-1) 여러가지 동·식물 유지의 화학적 성질 26) 44

(표 2-2) 여러가지 동·식물유지의 물리적 성질 26) 44

(표 2-3) 유지와 Diesel 연료의 특성 비교 7) 45

(표 2-4) 메틸에스테르화 연료와 디젤연료의 특성비교 47

(표 2-5) bio diesel fuel의 상업화 plants 25). 53

(표 3-1) The properties of used frying oil sample. 55

(표 3-2) Fatty acid composition of used frying oil sample 56

(표 3-3) Instrument and operation conditions of HPLC 59

(표 3-4) Instrument and operation conditions of GC-MS 60

(표 3-5) Viscosity of the used frying oil esters at various temperatures. 89

(표 3-6) Fuel properties comparison 90

(표 3-7) Relation of retention time vs. oven temperature 91

(표 3-8) Estimated components of used frying oil by GC-MS 95

(표 3-9) Estimated components of rice-bran oil ester by GC-MS 95

(표 3-10) Estimated components of used frying oil ester by GC-MS 96

(표 4-1) Specification of nozzles 117

(표 4-2) Specification of injection pump 119

(표 4-3) Specification of 28.5 kHz BLT vibration transducer. 121

(표 4-4) Dimension of vibration horn 122

(표 4-5) Properties of rice-bran oil, used frying oil, and light oil. 132

(표 4-6) Droplet number, SMD, and improvement rate by collection distances (5°, 13㎫) 138

(표 4-7) Droplet number, SMD, and improvement rate by nozzle opening pressures (10°, 300㎜) 139

(표 4-8) Distribution percentage of droplet size in the case of D≤20㎛ (10°, 300㎜) 141

(표 4-9) Droplet number, SMD, and improvement rate by collection distances (ø0.34㎜, 20㎫) 141

(표 4-10) Droplet number, SMD, and improvement rate by nozzle opening pressures (ø0.31㎜, 300㎜) 145

(표 4-11) Distribution percentage of droplet size in the case of D≤20㎛ (ø0.31㎜, 300㎜) 147

(표 4-12) Improvement rate of the atomization between conventional and ultrasonic sprays in droplet diameters. (5°, 10㎫, 300㎜) 149

(표 4-13) Improvement rate of the atomization by nozzle open pressures between conventional and ultrasonic sprays (15°, 300㎜) 149

(표 4-14) Improvement rate of the atomization between conventional and ultrasonic sprays in mean diameters of droplets (ø0.34㎜, 20㎫, 300㎜) 151

(표 4-15) SMD and improvement rate between conventional and ultrasonic sprays by nozzle opening pressures (ø0.34㎜, 300㎜) 152

(표 4-16) Droplet number, SMD, and improvement rate by collection distances (5°, 16㎫) 161

(표 4-17) Droplet number, SMD, and improvement rate by collection distances (5°, 300㎜) 162

(표 4-18) Distribution percentage of droplet size (D≤20㎛ , 5°, 13㎫, 300㎜) 162

(표 4-19) Droplet number, SMD, and improvement rate by collection distances (φ 0 .37㎜, 20㎫) 164

(표 4-20) Droplet number, SMD, and improvement rate by nozzle opening pressures (φ 0 .31㎜, 300m) 168

(표 4-21) Distribution percentage of droplet size by collection distances (D≤20㎛ , φ 0.31m, 24㎫) 168

(표 4-22) Distribution percentage of droplet size (D≤20㎛, φ 0.31m, 300㎜) 170

(표 5-1) Specifications of the fuels tested 179

(표 5-2) Chemical and physical properties of the fuels used 180

(표 5-3) Specifications of the engine tested 181

(표 5-4) Specifications of the dynamometer used 185

(표 5-5) Specifications of the throttle actuator 186

(표 5-6) Specifications of the exhaust gas analyzer used 187

(표 5-7) Smoke meter 187

(표 5-8) Specifications of the temperature sensors installed 189

(표 6-1) Specification of the fuels tested 211

(표 6-2) Specifications of tractor and tested engine. 212

(표 6-3) Specifications of the dynamometer used 214

(표 6-4) Specifications of the temperature sensors installed 214

(표 6-5) Specifications of rotavator 220

(표 6-6) Specification of plow 221

(표 6-7) Specifications of trailer 221

［그림 2-1］ US-2D 연료와 메틸 에스테르유의 HC, CO, NOx 및 분진배출. 23) 49

［그림 2-2］ 대표적 메틸 에스테르화 제조공정. 50

［그림 3-1］ Separation of free fatty acid from oil. 61

［그림 3-2］ HPLC chromatogram of separated fatty acids. 62

［그림 3-3］ Effect of methanol mixing ratio on the used frying oil conversion (sodium methoxide catalyst). 68

［그림 3-4］ Effect of methanol mixing ratio on the used frying oil conversion (sodium hydroxide catalyst). 69

［그림 3-5］ Effect of methanol mixing ratio on the used frying oil conversion (potassium hydroxide catalyst). 70

［그림 3-6］ Effect of the concentration of sodium methoxide on the used frying oil conversion. 72

［그림 3-7］ Effect of the concentration of sodium hydroxide on the used frying oil conversion. 73

［그림 3-8］ Effect of the concentration of potassium hydroxide on the used frying oil conversion. 75

［그림 3-9］ Effect of the types of catalyst on the used frying oil conversion. 76

［그림 3-10］ Effect of the types of catalyst on the rice-bran oil conversion. 77

［그림 3-11］ Effect of the reaction temperature on the used frying oil conversion (sodium methoxide catalyst). 79

［그림 3-12］ Effect of the reaction temperature on the used frying oil conversion (potassium hydroxide catalyst). 81

［그림 3-13］ Effect of ethanol mixing ratio on the used frying oil conversion (sodium methoxide catalyst). 83

［그림 3-14］ Effect of the types of alcohol on the used frying oil conversion (sodium methoxide catalyst). 84

［그림 3-15］ Effect of ethanol mixing ratio on the rice-bran oil conversion (sodium methoxide catalyst). 85

［그림 3-16］ Effect of butanol(buthanol) mixing ratio on the rice-bran oil conversion (sodium methoxide catalyst). 86

［그림 3-17］ Effect of the types of alcohol on the rice-bran oil conversion (sodium methoxide catalyst). 87

［그림 3-18］ Separation of the used frying oil by GC-MS. 92

［그림 3-19］ Separation of used frying oil ester by GC-MS. 93

［그림 3-20］ Separation of the rice-bran oil ester by GC-MS. 94

［그림 3-21］ Mass analysis of long retention time material of used frying oil 97

［그림 4-1］ Classification of Nozzles. 102

［그림 4-2］ Velocity in spray tube and nozzle. 102

［그림 4-3］ Surface wave of a liquid jet 104

［그림 4-4］ Detail drawing of nozzles 118

［그림 4-5］ Spray system. 119

［그림 4-6］ Ultrasonic oscillation system. 120

［그림 4-7］ Vibration horn. 123

［그림 4-8］ Locations of the ultrasonic vibration horn. 124

［그림 4-9］ collection device of spray droplets in the immersion liquid method. 126

［그림 4-10］ Systematic diagram of the experimental apparatus for the immersion liquid method. 126

［그림 4-11］ PDPA system with an ultrasonic system. 127

［그림 4-12］ Variation in the probe volume diameter with particle size. 130

［그림 4-13］ Change of specific gravity and kinematic viscosity for fuels. 132

［그림 4-14］ Size distribution diagram of rice-bran oil droplets. (5°, 13㎫, 300㎜, pintle type nozzle) 135

［그림 4-14］ Size distribution diagram of rice-bran oil droplets. (5°, 13㎫, 400㎜, pintle type nozzle) 136

［그림 4-14］ Size distribution diagram of rice-bran oil droplets. (5°, 13㎫, 500㎜, pintle type nozzle) 137

［그림 4-15］ Distribution Percentage of droplet size. (10°, 13㎫, 300㎜) 140

［그림 4-16］ Size distribution diagram of rice-bran oil droplets. (ø0.34㎜, 20㎫, 300㎜, hole type nozzle) 142

［그림 4-16］ Size distribution diagram of rice-bran oil droplets. (ø0.34㎜, 20㎫, 400㎜, hole type nozzle) 143

［그림 4-16］ Size distribution diagram of rice-bran oil droplets. (ø0.34㎜, 20㎫, 500㎜, hole type nozzle) 144

［그림 4-17］ Distribution Percentage of droplet size.(ø0.31㎜, 20㎫, 300㎜) 146

［그림 4-18］ Comparison(Comparision) of droplet size distributions between conventional and ultrasonic sprays. (15°, 10㎫, 300㎜, pintle type nozzle) 148

［그림 4-19］ Comparison(Comparision) of droplet size distributions between conventional and ultrasonic sprays.(ø0.34㎜, 20㎫, 300㎜, hole type nozzle) 150

［그림 4-20］ Variation of area mean diameter by nozzle opening pressures in pintle type nozzles. 153

［그림 4-21］ Variation of area mean diameter by nozzle opening pressures in single hole type nozzles. 154

［그림 4-22］ Variation of Sauter mean diameter by nozzle opening pressures in pintle type nozzles. 155

［그림 4-23］ Variation of Sauter mean diameter(dimeter) by nozzle opening pressures in single hole type nozzles. 156

［그림 4-24］ Size distribution diagram of used frying oil droplets. (5°, 16㎫, 300㎜, pintle type nozzle) 158

［그림 4-24］ Size distribution diagram of used frying oil droplets. (5°, 16㎫, 400㎜, pintle type nozzle) 159

［그림 4-24］ Size distribution diagram of used frying oil droplets. (5°, 16㎫, 500㎜, pintle type nozzle) 160

［그림 4-25］ Distribution percentage of droplet size. (5°, 13㎫, 300㎜) 163

［그림 4-26］ Size distribution diagram of used frying oil droplets. (ø0.37㎜, 20㎫, 300㎜ hole type nozzle) 165

［그림 4-26］ Size distribution diagram of used frying oil droplets. (ø0.37㎜, 20㎫, 400㎜, hole type nozzle) 166

［그림 4-26］ Size distribution diagram of used frying oil droplets. (ø0.37㎜, 20㎫, 500㎜, hole type nozzle) 167

［그림 4-27］ Distribution(Distriution) percentage of droplet sizes.(D≤20㎛, φ 0.31㎜, 24㎫, 400㎜) 169

［그림 4-28］ Photo of the spray system with an ultrasonic system 171

［그림 4-29］ Photo of the measurement system. 171

［그림 4-30］ Photo of spray droplets of rice-bran oil (Pintle, 5°, 13㎫, 400㎜) 172

［그림 4-31］ Photo of spray droplets of rice-bran oil (Hole, ø0.34㎜, 20㎫, 300㎜) 173

［그림 4-32］ Photo of spray droplets of used frying oil (Pintle, 5°, 16㎫, 300㎜) 174

［그림 4-33］ Photo of spray droplets of used frying oil (Hole, ø0.37㎜, 20㎫, 400㎜) 175

［그림 5-1］ Photograph showing the overall view of the engine test equipments. 182

［그림 5-2］ Schematic diagram of the engine performance test system used. 183

［그림 5-3］ Photograph of the ultrasonic generator and the vibration horn for biodiesel oils. 184

［그림 5-4］ Photograph of throttle controller, dynamometer controller, oil pressure gage, exhaust gas analyzer, smokemeter, and hybrid recorder(from left). 184

［그림 5-5］ Photo of probes of exhaust gas analyzer and smokemeter in their position into the muffler. 188

［그림 5-6］ Photo of the blowbymeter used in the test. 190

［그림 5-7］ Full load characteristics curve of the tested engine. 193

［그림 5-8］ Relation of torque vs. engine speed for 7 fuels at full load. 194

［그림 5-9］ Relation of power vs. engine speed for 7 fuels at full load. 195

［그림 5-10］ Relation of brake specific fuel consumption vs. engine speed for 7 fuels at full load. 197

［그림 5-11］(a) Photo of fuel filter element used for light oil(left side) and heated rice-bran oil(right side)after about 2 hours' run of the engine 198

［그림 5-11］(b) Photo of fuel filter element used for rice-bran oil ester(left side) and used frying oil ester(right side) after about 2 hours' run of the engine 199

［그림 5-12］ Relation of BMEP vs. engine speed for 7 fuels at full load. 203

［그림 5-13］ Relation of sulphur dioxide vs. engine speed for light oil at full load. 204

［그림 5-14］ Relation of oxides of nitrogen emission vs. engine speed for 7 fuels at full load. 205

［그림 5-15］ Relation of smoke emission vs. engine speed for 7 fuels at full load. 206

［그림 6-1］ Prony barke for PTO performance test. 213

［그림 6-2］ Pocket cone penetrometer in its use. 215

［그림 6-3］ Photo of fuel feed system and measuring instrument for fuel consumption. 218

［그림 6-4］ Relation of PTO power vs. PTO speed. 223

［그림 6-5］ Relation of BSFC vs. PTO speed. 224

［그림 6-6］ Relation of engine oil temperature vs. PTO speed. 226

［그림 6-7］ Relation of cooling water temperature vs. PTO speed. 227

［그림 6-8］ Relation of exhaust gas temperature vs. PTO speed. 229

［그림 6-9］ Relation of smoke concentration vs. PTO speed. 230

［그림 6-10］ Tillage work with rotavator by biofuel-engine tractor on an upland field. 232

［그림 6-11］ Tillage work with plow driven by biofuel-engine tractor on an upland field. 232

［그림 6-12］ Tillage work with rotavator by biofuel-engine tractor on a paddy field. 233

［그림 6-13］ Tillage work with rotavator driven by biofuel-engine tractor inside a greenhouse. 233

［그림 6-14］ Measurement of exhaust concentration from the tractor engine using different fuels inside a closed greenhouse. 234

［그림 6-15］ Exhaust gas concentration(concenteration) for different fuels after 30 min. run of the tractor engine inside a closed greenhouse. 235

［그림 6-16］(a) Carbon deposit on the body of injector after 30 hrs run of the engine using light oil. 237

［그림 6-16］(b) Carbon deposit on the body of injector after 30 hrs run of the engine using heated rice-bran oil. 237

［그림 6-17］(a) Carbon deposit on the surface of piston head after 30 hrs run of the engine using light oil. 238

［그림 6-17］(b) Carbon deposit on the surface of piston head after 30 hrs run of the engine using heated rice-bran oil. 238

［그림 6-18］(a) Carbon deposit on the surface of cylinder head after 30 hrs run of the engine using light oil. 239

［그림 6-18］(b) Carbon deposit on the surface of cylinder head after 30 hrs run of the engine using heated rice-bran oil. 239

［그림 6-19］ Clogging caused by rice-bran oil after 30 hrs run of the biodiesel engine on the surface of the fuel filter element made of the steel wire netting. 240