목차

[표제지]=0,1,1

제출문=1,2,1

요약문=2,3,51

Summary=53,54,8

목차=61,62,2

표목차=63,64,13

본문=76,77,1

제I장 서론=77,78,1

제1절 연구의 목적=77,78,3

제2절 사전조사로서 소금섭취평가지표개발의 필요성=80,81,2

제3절 연구내용 및 범위=81,82,3

제2장 국내ㆍ외 연구 현황=84,85,1

제1절 소금의 과잉 섭취에 따른 건강상의 문제=84,85,2

제2절 한국인의 소금섭취현황=86,87,2

제3절 한국인의 소금섭취변화를 모니터링 할 수 있는 지표의 선정 혹은 개발근거=87,88,3

제4절 외국의 소금 섭취량 제한 활동=89,90,2

제5절 연구결과가 국내ㆍ외 연구 현황에서 차지하는 위치=90,91,4

제3장 연구수행 내용 및 결과=94,95,1

제1절 연구방법 및 연구내용=94,95,5

제2절 연구결과=98,99,1

1. 대상자의 소금섭취량과 이에 관련되는 인자들의 조사=98,99,1

가. 인구 사회학적 조사 및 생활습관 조사 (Table 1~3)=98,99,21

나. 국그릇의 크기 측정=119,120,4

다. 고염, 다소비 음식섭취빈도=123,124,125

라. 대상자의 소금섭취와 관련된 식행동, 고염함유 음식에 대한지식, 나트륨의 영양표시제를 통한 인식, 저염식 실천도=248,249,18

마. 대표식품의 염도조사=266,267,6

바. 패스트 푸드, 스낵, 레토르트 식품의 소금 함유량 조사=272,273,5

사. 소금 섭취량 조사 : 24시간 소변으로 배설되는 나트륨 양을 측정하여 소금 섭취량 추정=276,277,7

2. 1.의 결과 분석으로 개발된 지표들=283,284,1

가. 1.의 결과를 바탕으로 소금섭취량에 영향을 미치는 대표음식 (15가지 정도)를 선정하여 DFQ Index를 개발=283,284,35

나. 위의 결과를 바탕으로 소금 섭취량과 가장 연관 있는 식행동 (10가지 정도)을 선별하여 식행동점수지표를 개발- 고염섭취군 선별을 위한 선별 도구(Screening Tool)의 개발=317,318,19

다. 대국민 저염섭취 영양사업 프로그램 개발을 위한 데이터 구축=336,337,45

라. 대국민 저염섭취 영양사업 자료 및 프로그램 개발을 위한 활용자료=381,382,10

제3절 결론 및 제언=390,391,4

제4장 연구목표 달성도, 연구의 제한점 및 대외기여도=394,395,1

제1절 연구목표의 달성도=394,395,2

제2절 연구의 제한점=395,396,2

제3절 대외적으로 활용 할 수 있는 기여도=396,397,2

제5장 연구결과의 활용계획=398,399,1

제1절 추가연구의 필요성=398,399,1

제2절 타 연구에의 응용 방안=399,400,1

참고문헌=400,401,5

부록=405,406,76

Table 1. General Characteristics According To Sex And Age=100,101,1

Table 2. The Distribution Of The Subjects For Monthly Income=101,102,1

Table 3. Proportion Of The Subject With Job And Distribution Of The Subjects For Various Kind Of Jobs=102,103,1

Table 4. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Life Styles For Total Subjects=104,105,1

Table 5-1. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Smoking Status=108,109,1

Table 5-2. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Number Of Cigarette=108,109,1

Table 5-3. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Length Smoking=109,110,1

Table 5-4. Distribution Of The Subjects According To A Time Duration After Stop Smoking Of Prohibition Of Smoking=110,111,1

Table 6-1. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Drinking Status=110,111,1

Table 6-2. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Frequency Of Drinking=111,112,1

Table 6-3. A Amount Of Drink=111,112,1

Table 7-1. Distribution Of The Subject With Doing Exercise=112,113,1

Table 7-2. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Kind Of Exercise=113,114,1

Table 7-3. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Intensity Of Exercise=114,115,1

Table 7-4. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Frequency Of Exercise=115,116,1

Table 7-5. Distribution Of The Subjects According To During The Exercise=116,117,1

Table 8. Distribution Of The Subjects According To Taking Vitamin Supplements For Improving Nutrition Status=117,118,1

Table 9-1. Subjects Diagnosed As Having Hypertension=118,119,1

Table 9-2. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Method Of Medical Treatment=118,119,1

Table 10-1. Diameter Of Soup Bowl=120,121,1

Table 10-2. Diameter Of Soup Bowl According To Area For Total Subjects=121,122,1

Table 10-3. Diameter Of Soup Bowl According To Area For Man=121,122,1

Table 10-4. Diameter Of Soup Bowl According To Area For Woman=122,123,1

Table 11. Food Consumption Frequency Of Each Food Item=127,128,6

Table 12-1. Rank Of Food Consumption Frequency Estimated With DFQ For Total Subjects=133,134,3

Table 12-2. Rank Of Food Consumption Frequency Estimated With DFQ For Man=136,137,3

Table 12-3. Rank Of Food Consumption Frequency Estimated With DFQ For Woman=139,140,3

Table 13. Sodium Intakes With Each Food Item By DFQ=143,144,6

Table 14. Sodium Intakes Of Food Group By DFQ=149,150,1

Table 15. Sodium Intake Contributed With Each Food For Total=152,153,1

Table 16. Sodium Intake Contributed With Each Food For Man And Woman=153,154,2

Table 17. Sodium Intakes Contributed With Each Food Group=155,156,1

Table 18. Sodium Intakes Contributed With Each Food Group For Man And Woman=156,157,2

Table 19. Sodium Intakes Of Food Item By DFQ After Excluding Sodium Remained In Broth Left Over From Total Sodium Intake=161,162,7

Table 20. Sodium Intakes Contributed With Each Dish Group Estimated By DFQ (Excluded Sodium Content In Broth Left Over In Soup Or Thick Soup)=168,169,2

Table 21. Foods That Contribute Of Sodium Intakes When Excluded The Sodium Content Of Broth Left Over In Soup Or Thick Soup=170,171,2

Table 22. Foods That Contribute Of Sodium Intakes When Excluded The Sodium Content Of Broth Left Over In Soup Or Thick Soup=172,173,2

Table 23. Sodium Intakes Contributed With Each Food Group (Excluded Sodium Content In Broth Left Over In Soup Or Thick Soup)=174,175,1

Table 24. Sodium Intakes Contributed With Each Food Group For Man And Woman=175,176,2

Table 25. Food Consumption Frequency Of Each Food Item=178,179,6

Table 26. Rank Of Food Consumption Frequency According To DFQ In Metropolitan Area=184,185,2

Table 27. Rank Of Food Consumption Frequency According To DFQ In The Chungcheongdo=186,187,2

Table 28. Rank Of Food Consumption Frequency According To DFQ In The Jeollado=188,189,2

Table 29. Rank Of Food Consumption Frequency According To DFQ In The Kyungsangdo=190,191,2

Table 30. Sodium Intakes Contributed With Each Dish Item According To The Region=195,196,7

Table 31. Sodium Intakes Contributed With Food Group According To The Region Computed With DFQ=202,203,2

Table 32. Sodium Intake Contributed With Each Food In The Metropolitan Area=204,205,1

Table 33. Sodium Intake Contributed With Each Food In The Chungcheongdo Area=205,206,1

Table 34. Sodium Intake Contributed With Each Food In The Jeollado Area=206,207,1

Table 35. Sodium Intake Contributed With Each Food In The Kyungsangdo Area=207,208,1

Table 36. Sodium Intakes Contributed With Each Food Group In The Metropolitan Area=208,209,1

Table 37. Sodium Intakes Contributed With Each Food Group In The Chungcheongdo Area=208,209,1

Table 38. Sodium Intakes Contributed With Each Food Group In The Jeollado Area=209,210,1

Table 39. Sodium Intakes Contributed With Each Food Group In The Kyungsangdo Area=209,210,1

Table 40. Sodium Intakes Of Food Item By DFQ After Excluding Sodium Remained In Broth Left Over From Total Sodium Intake=212,213,6

Table 41. Sodium Intakes Contributed With Each Dish Group Estimated By DFQ (Excluded Sodium Content In Broth Left Over In Soup Or Thick Soup)=218,219,1

Table 42. Foods That Contribute Of Sodium Intakes When Excluded The Sodium Content Of Broth Left Over In Soup Or Thick Soup In The Metropolitan Area=219,220,1

Table 43. Foods That Contribute Of Sodium Intakes When Excluded The Sodium Content Of Broth Left Over In Soup Or Thick Soup In The Chungcheongdo Area=220,221,1

Table 44. Foods That Contribute Of Sodium Intakes When Excluded The Sodium Content Of Broth Left Over In Soup Or Thick Soup In The Jeollado Area=221,222,1

Table 45. Foods That Contribute Of Sodium Intakes When Excluded The Sodium Content Of Broth Left Over In Soup Or Thick Soup In The Jeollado Area=221,222,2

Table 46. Sodium Intakes Contributed With Each Food Group In The Metropolitan Area (Excluded Sodium Content In Broth Left Over In Soup Or Thick Soup)=223,224,1

Table 47. Sodium Intakes Contributed With Each Food Group In The Chungcheongdo Area (Excluded Sodium Content In Broth Left Over In Soup Or Thick Soup)=224,225,1

Table 48. Sodium Intakes Contributed With Each Food Group In The Jeollado Area (Excluded Sodium Content In Broth Left Over In Soup Or Thick Soup)=225,226,1

Table 49. Sodium Intakes Contributed With Each Food Group In The Kyungsangdo Area (Excluded Sodium Content In Broth Left Over In Soup Or Thick Soup)=226,227,1

Table 50-1. Not Consideration To The Liquid Part Of A Dish And Consideration To The Liquid Part Of A Dish=229,230,2

Table 50-2. Not Consideration To The Liquid Part Of A Dish And Consideration To The Liquid Part Of A Dish=231,232,2

Table 50-3 Sodium Intakes With Each Dish When Excluded Or Not Excluded The Sodium Content In The Leftover Broth=233,234,1

Table 51. Difference Between Not Consideration To The Liquid Part Of A Dish And Consideration To The Liquid Part Of A Dish=234,235,2

Table 52. Sodium Intakes Rank Difference By DFQ According To Area (Not Consideration To The Liquid Part Of A Dish)=237,238,1

Table 53. Sodium Intakes Rank Difference By DFQ According To Area (Excluded Sodium Content In Broth Left Over In Soup Or Thick Soup)=238,239,1

Table 54. Correlation Coefficients Between Sodium Intakes Estimated With DFQ And Sodium Intakes Of Estimated With 24 Urine Analysis=239,240,1

Table 55. Correlation Coefficients Between Sodium Intakes "DFQ And Sodium Intakes" After Excluding Sodium Remained In Broth Left Over From Total Sodium Intake=240,241,1

Table 56. Correlation Coefficients Between Total Sodium Intakes And Sodium Intakes From Each Dish=243,244,1

Table 57. Correlation Coefficients Between Total Sodium Intakes And Sodium Intakes Of Food Group=243,244,1

Table 58. Correlation Coefficients Between Total Sodium Intakes And Sodium Intakes Of Food (Excluded Sodium Content In Broth Left Over In Soup Or Thick Soup)=244,245,1

Table 59. Correlation Coefficients Between Total Sodium Intakes And Sodium Intakes Of Food Group (Excluded Sodium Content In Broth Left Over In Soup Or Thick Soup)=244,245,1

Table 60. Dish Items That Contributed Most To The Difference Of Sodium Intake With Multiple Stepwise Regression=245,246,1

Table 61. Dish Items That Contributed Most To The Difference Of Sodium Intake With Multiple Stepwise Regression (Excluded Sodium Content In Broth Left Over In Soup Or Thick Soup)=246,247,1

Table 62. Multiple Stepwise Regression By Sodium Intakes Of Foods (Excluded Sodium Content In Broth Left Over In Soup Or Thick Soup)=247,248,1

Table 63. Proportion Of The Subjects Who Answered 'Yes' For Each Dietary Attitude Item Related To High Sodium Intake=250,251,2

Table 64. Mean Score Of Dietary Attitude When Grouped Into 4 Category=252,253,2

Table 65. Degree Of Perceived Salt Content For Each Dish Item=256,257,2

Table 66-1. Distribution Of The Subjects According To Checking Of Sodium Content In The Nutrition Labeling When Purchasing Foods=259,260,1

Table 66-2. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Frequency Of Checking Sodium Content=260,261,1

Table 66-3. Distribution Of The Subjects According To Recognition Of The Difference Between Sodium And Salt=261,262,1

Table 67. Proportion Of The Subjects Who Answered 'Yes' For Each Dietary Item Related To Low Sodium Intake=264,265,1

Table 68. Total Dietary Behaviors Score Of Sodium Attitude Result By Group Of Sodium Intakes=265,266,1

Table 69. Salt Percentage Of Kimchi And Soybean Paste=268,269,1

Table 70. Salt Percentage Of Kimchi And Soybean Paste=269,270,1

Table 71. 시중에서 판매되고 있는 된장, 김치=270,271,2

Table 72-1. 햄버그 1인분의 나트륨 함량=272,273,1

Table 72-2. 피자종류의 나트륨 함량=273,274,1

Table 72-3. 라면 종류의 나트륨 함량=274,275,1

Table 72-4. 스낵종류의 나트륨 함량=275,276,1

Table 72-5. 레또르트식품의 나트륨 함량=276,277,1

Table 73. Urine Volume And Urinary Na, K, Ca, Mg, Creatine Excretion For Total Subjects=279,280,1

Table 74-1. Urine Volume And Urinary Na, K, Ca, Mg, Creatine Excretion For Total Subjects=280,281,1

Table 74-2. Urine Volume And Urinary Na, K, Ca, Mg, Creatine Excretion For Man Subjects=281,282,1

Table 74-3. Urine Volume And Urinary Na, K, Ca, Mg, Creatine Excretion For Woman Subjects=282,283,1

Table 75. Sodium Intakes Estimated With The Various DFQ And 24-H Urine Analysis=283,284,1

Table 76. Correlation Coefficients Between Sodium Intake Estimated With Each DFQ And That With 24-H Urine Analysis=284,285,1

Table 77. Joint Classification Of Sodium Intake Assessed By The Food Frequency Questionnaire And Sodium Intake By Urine=285,286,1

Table 78. Percent Of Classifying Subjects Into By Food Frequency Questionnaire With Sodium Intake By Urine Based On Joint Classification By Quintile=286,287,1

Table 79. Joint Classification Of Sodium Intake Assessed By The Food Frequency Questionnaire And Sodium Intake By Urine=286,287,1

Table 80. Percent Of Classifying Subjects Into By Food Frequency Questionnaire With Sodium Intake By Urine Based On Joint Classification By Quintile=287,288,1

Table 81. DFQ 70에 사용된 음식 항목들=288,289,3

Table 82. Joint Classification Of Sodium Intake Assessed By The Food Frequency Questionnaire And Sodium Intake By Urine=291,292,1

Table 83. Percent Of Classifying Subjects Into By Food Frequency Questionnaire With Sodium Intake By Urine Based On Joint Classification By Quintile=291,292,1

Table 84. Joint Classification Of Sodium Intake Assessed By The Food Frequency Questionnaire And Sodium Intake By Urine=292,293,1

Table 85. Percent Of Classifying Subjects Into By Food Frequency Questionnaire With Sodium Intake By Urine Based On Joint Classification By Quintile=293,294,1

Table 86. DFQ 70으로부터 DFQ 36의 음식항목 선정=294,295,3

Table 87. DFQ 36=297,298,2

Table 88. Joint Classification Of Sodium Intake Assessed By The Food Frequency Questionnaire And Sodium Intake By Urine=299,300,1

Table 89. Percent Of Classifying Subjects Into By Food Frequency Questionnaire With Sodium Intake By Urine Based On Joint Classification By Quintile=299,300,1

Table 90. Joint Classification Of Sodium Intake Assessed By The Food Frequency Questionnaire And Sodium Intake By Urine=300,301,1

Table 91. Percent Of Classifying Subjects Into By Food Frequency Questionnaire With Sodium Intake By Urine Based On Joint Classification By Quintile=300,301,1

Table 92. DFQ 36 음식항목으로부터 DFQ 15 음식항목의 선정=301,302,2

Table 93. DFQ 15의 음식항목=302,303,2

Table 94. Joint Classification Of Sodium Intake Assessed By The Food Frequency Questionnaire And Sodium Intake By Urine=304,305,1

Table 95. Percent Of Classifying Subjects Into By Food Frequency Questionnaire With Sodium Intake By Urine Based On Joint Classification By Quintile=304,305,1

Table 96. Joint Classification Of Sodium Intake Assessed By The Food Frequency Questionnaire And Sodium Intake By Urine=305,306,1

Table 97. Percent Of Classifying Subjects Into By Food Frequency Questionnaire With Sodium Intake By Urine Based On Joint Classification By Quintile=305,306,1

Table 98. Na Index15=306,307,1

Table 99. Correlation Coefficients Between Na Index15 And Sodium Intake Estimated With 24-H Urine Analysis=307,308,1

Table 100. Correlation Coefficients Between Na Index15 And Sodium Intake Estimated With Each DFQ=307,308,1

Table 101. Joint Classification Of Sodium Intake Assessed By The Food Frequency Questionnaire And Sodium Intake By Urine=308,309,1

Table 102. Percent Of Classifying Subjects Into By Food Frequency Questionnaire With Sodium Intake By Urine Based On Joint Classification By Quintile=309,310,1

Table 103. Joint Classification Of Sodium Intake Assessed By The Food Frequency Questionnaire And Sodium Intake By Urine=309,310,1

Table 104. Percent Of Classifying Subjects Into By Food Frequency Questionnaire With Sodium Intake By Urine Based On Joint Classification By Quintile=310,311,1

Table 105. Joint Classification Of Sodium Intake Assessed By The Food Frequency Questionnaire And Sodium Intake By Urine=311,312,1

Table 106. Percent Of Classifying Subjects Into By Food Frequency Questionnaire With Sodium Intake By Urine Based On Joint Classification By Quintile=311,312,1

Table 107. Joint Classification Of Sodium Intake Assessed By The Food Frequency Questionnaire And Sodium Intake By Urine=312,313,1

Table 108. Percent Of Classifying Subjects Into By Food Frequency Questionnaire With Sodium Intake By Urine Based On Joint Classification By Quintile=312,313,1

Table 109. Sensitivity And Specificity And Positive Predictive Value Of Na Index15 According To The Sodium Intake Estimated With Urine Or DFQ70=314,315,2

Table 110. High Sodium Intake=316,317,1

Table 111. Low Sodium Intake=316,317,1

Table 112. Mean Scores By The Na Index According To Group=317,318,1

Table 113. Correlation (Between Sodium Intake And Dietary Habit Or Behavior)=321,322,2

Table 114. Stepwise Multiple Regression (Dependent Variable: Sodium Intake)=323,324,2

Table 115. Simple Logistic Regression=325,326,1

Table 116. Multiple Logistic Regression=326,327,4

Table 117. 고염 섭취군 선별을 위한 도구 (Screening Tool)=330,331,1

Table 118. Validity Of Cut-Off Point To Diagnose Risk Of High Sodium Intake By Screening Score=330,331,1

Table 119. Distribution Of Screening Tool Score*Group As Cut-Off Point=331,332,2

Table 120. Distribution According To Screening Tool Score=333,334,1

Table 121. Correlation Between Sodium Intake And Total Score Of Screening Tool=333,334,1

Table 122. Sodium Intake According To Total Score Of Screening Tool=334,335,1

Table 123. Mean Scores By The Screening Tool According To Group=334,335,1

Table 124. (고염 섭취군 (Sodium Intake 상위 L/3≒5580.3mg≤)으로 갈 위험도)=335,336,1

Table 125. General Characteristics According To Sodium Intake=337,338,1

Table 126. The Distribution Of The Subjects For Monthly Income=338,339,1

Table 127. Proportion Of The Subject With Job And Distribution Of The Subjects For Various Kind Of Jobs=338,339,1

Table 128. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Life Styles=339,340,1

Table 129-1. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Smoking Status=340,341,1

Table 129-2. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Number Of Cigarette=341,342,1

Table 129-3. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Length Smoking=341,342,1

Table 130-1. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Drinking Status=342,343,1

Table 130-2. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Frequency Of Drinking=342,343,1

Table 130-3. A Amount Of Drink=342,343,2

Table 131-1. Distribution Of The Subject With Doing Exercise=343,344,1

Table 131-2. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Kind Of Exercise=344,345,1

Table 131-3. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Intensity Of Exercise=344,345,1

Table 131-4. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Frequency Of Exercise=345,346,1

Table 131-5. Distribution Of The Subjects According To During The Exercise=345,346,1

Table 132. Distribution Of The Subjects According To Taking Vitamin Supplements For Promoting Nutrition Status=346,347,1

Table 133. Subjects Diagnosed As Having Hypertension=347,348,1

Table 134. Salt Percentage Of Kimchi And Soybean Paste=347,348,1

Table 135. Urine Volume And Urinary Na, K, Ca, Mg, Creatine Excretion=348,349,1

Table 136-1. Distribution Of The Subjects According To Checking Of Sodium Content In The Nutrition Labeling When Purchasing Foods=349,350,1

Table 136-2. Distribution Of The Subjects According To The Frequency Of Checking Sodium Content=349,350,1

Table 136-3. Distribution Of The Subjects According To Recognition Of The Difference Between Sodium And Salt=350,351,1

Table 137. Proportion Of The Subjects Who Answered 'Yes' For Each Dietary Attitude Item Related To High Sodium Intake=351,352,2

Table 138. Proportion Of The Subjects Who Answered 'Yes' For Each Dietary Item Related To Low Sodium Intake=353,354,1

Table 139. Total Dietary Behaviors Score Of Sodium Attitude Result By Group Of Sodium Intakes=354,355,1

Table 140. Degree Of Perceived Salt Content For Each Dish Item=355,356,2

Table 141. Food Consumption Frequency Of Each Food Item=357,358,5

Table 142. Sodium Intakes With Each Food Item According To The Group=362,363,4

Table 143. Sodium Intakes With Each Food Group According To The Group=366,367,1

Table 144. Odds Ratio For High Sodium Intake According To Anthropomet Data And Blood Pressure=367,368,1

Table 145. Odds Ratio For High Sodium Intake According To Life Style=368,369,2

Table 146. Odds Ratio For High Sodium Intake According To The Length Of Exercise=369,370,1

Table 147. Odds Ratio For Hight Sodium Intake According To The Frequency Of Drinking=370,371,1

Table 148. Odds Ratio For Hight Sodium Intake According To Taking Vitamin Supplement=370,371,1

Table 149. Odds Ratio For Hight Sodium Intake According To Salt Percentage Of Bean Paste=371,372,1

Table 150. Odds Ratio For Hight Sodium Intake According To Checking Of Nutrition Labeling=371,372,1

Table 151. Odds Ratio For Hight Sodium Intake According To Dietary Attitude=372,373,3

Table 152. Meal Behaviors Of Sodium Attitude Result For High Sodium Intakes Odd Ratio By Logistic Regression=374,375,2

Table 153. Odds Ratio Of High Sodium Intake Group According To Food Frequency=377,378,4