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목차
제1장 서론 26
제2장 조사대상 및 시료채취 방법 36
제1절 조사대상 38
1. 조사대상 물질 38
2. 조사대상 정수장 및 시료 채취일 38
제2절 시료채취 및 보존방법 42
1. 휘발성 유기물질 43
2. 소독부산물 및 농약류 (포름알데히드, 할로아세틱에시드, 냄새유발 물질 등) 44
3. 준휘발성유기물질 (농약, 페놀, 다환방향족탄화수소 등) 44
4. 기타 (중금속) 44
제3장 실험방법 및 결과 46
제1절 조사대상물질의 분석방법 48
1. 휘발성 유기물질 48
2. 포름알데히드 60
3. 소독 부산물 및 농약류 68
4. 할로아세틱에시드 78
5. 준휘발성 유기물질 (농약, 페놀, 다환방향족 탄화수소, 프탈레이트 및 아디페이트 등) 87
6. 산성농약 99
7. 중금속 108
8. 디클로로아세트알데히드 114
9. 냄새유발물질 122
10. 무기이온류 (브롬산염, 아질산염 및 과염소산염) 132
11. 항생제류 140
12. 알킬페놀류 148
제2절 외국의 분석방법과의 비교 검토 156
제4장 정수장 수돗물의 미량유해물질 함유실태 결과 158
제1절 수질감시항목 (21종) 160
제2절 수질감시후보항목 (12종) 178
제3절 연차별조사항목 (31종) 190
제4절 신규 조사항목 (6종) 206
제5절 함량분석 결과 210
제5장 낙동강/한강 수계 원수 스크리닝 220
제1절 낙동강/한강 수계 원수 스크리닝 및 시료채취 222
제2절 2007년 낙동강 원수중 검출된 미확인 물질의 추적조사 224
1. 할로아세틱에시드 분석방법 228
2. 준휘발성 유기물질 분석방법 231
3. 아미트롤 분석방법 233
4. Monobutylphthalate 및 2,4-di-t-butyl-6-nitrophenol의 정량 결과 235
제3절 낙동강 스크리닝 결과 236
1. 휘발성 유기물질 분석방법 236
2. 소독 부산물 및 농약류 분석방법 238
3. 할로아세틱에시드 분석방법 240
4. 준휘발성 유기물질과 알킬페놀류 분석방법 242
5. 산성농약 분석방법 248
6. 산성농약 II(3종 : Glyphosate, Endothall, Chloramben) 분석방법 250
7. 아미트롤 분석방법 252
8. ETU / 베노밀 분석방법 255
9. 1,4-다이옥산 분석방법 258
제4절 한강 스크리닝 결과 261
1. 휘발성 유기물질 분석방법 261
2. 소독 부산물 및 농약류 분석방법 264
3. 할로아세틱에시드 분석방법 267
4. 준휘발성 유기물질 분석방법 270
5. 산성농약 분석방법 278
6. 산성농약 II(3종 : Glyphosate, Endothall, Chloramben) 분석방법 281
7. 아미트롤 분석방법 284
8. ETU / 베노밀 분석방법 287
9. 1,4-다이옥산 분석방법 290
제6장 조사대상 미량 유해물질의 위해도 평가 294
제1절 인체노출 평가 방법 296
제2절 용량-반응 평가 297
제3절 위해도 평가 299
1. 위해도 평가 대상물질 299
2. 발암력 (Q₁*(이미지참조))에 의한 초과발암위해도 299
3. 비발암성에 의한 위험지수 평가 300
제7장 조사물질에 대한 체계적 정보검색을 위한 데이터베이스 기초 구축 302
제1절 개요 304
제2절 기술적 운영 환경 305
제3절 사용자 인터페이스 306
제8장 외국의 관리현황 및 정수 처리 기술 검토·제시 320
제9장 결론 326
참고문헌 334
부록 344
I. 연도별 조사물질 목록 (1992 - 2007) 346
II. WHO 음용수 수질 지침 360
III. 미국의 먹는물 규제기준 및 건강권고치 370
IV. 일본의 먹는물 규제 기준 390
V. 캐나다의 먹는물 규제기준 400
VI. 호주의 먹는물 규제기준 416
VII. 각 정수장별 수처리제 사용 현황 및 수온 428
VIII. 유해물질별 함량분석 결과 436
IX. 2008년 한강 수계 원·정수 스크리닝 항목 524
Table 1. 우리나라의 먹는물 수질기준 (55개 항목, 2008년 11월 현재) 31
Table 2. 1989 - 2007년 연구결과에 따른 수돗물 기준 및 감시항목 설정 내용 34
Table 3. 2008년도 조사대상물질 목록 (총 70종) 39
Table 4. 2008년 조사대상 정수장 및 시료채취일 41
Table 5. 유해물질 그룹별 시료채취 및 사용량 42
Table 6. 유해물질 그룹별 시료전처리 과정 및 분석기기 43
Table 7. Purge & trap parameters for volatile organic compounds 52
Table 8. GC/MSD operating conditions for volatile organic compounds 53
Table 9. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of volatile organic compounds 59
Table 10. HPLC operating conditions for formaldehyde 63
Table 11. Typical standard calibration data and detection limit of formaldehyde 67
Table 12. Extraction recovery of formaldehyde (n=5) 67
Table 13. GC/MSD operating conditions for chlorination disinfection by-products and pesticide 71
Table 14. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of chlorination disinfection by products and pesticide 77
Table 15. Extraction recoveries of chlorination disinfection by-products and pesticide (n=5) 77
Table 16. GC/MSD operating conditions for haloacetic acids 81
Table 17. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of haloacetic acids 86
Table 18. Extraction recoveries of haloacetic acids (n=3) 86
Table 19. GC/MSD operating conditions for semivolatile organic compounds 91
Table 20. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of semivolatile organic compounds 97
Table 21. Extraction recoveries of semivolatile organic compounds (n=3) 98
Table 22. GC/MSD operating conditions for acidic pesticides 102
Table 23. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of acidic pesticides 107
Table 24. Extraction recoveries of acidic pesticides (n=5) 107
Table 25. ICP/MS operating parameters for inorganic compounds 110
Table 26. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of inorganic compounds 113
Table 27. GC/ECD operating conditions for dichloroacetaldehyde 117
Table 28. Typical standard calibration data and detection limit of dichloroacetaldehyde 121
Table 29. Extraction recovery of dichloroacetaldehyde (n=5) 121
Table 30. GC/MSD operating conditions for odor compounds 125
Table 31. Typical standard calibration data and detection limit of odor compounds 131
Table 32. Extraction recoveries of odor compounds (n=5) 131
Table 33. Ion chromatograph operating conditions for bromate and nitrite 134
Table 34. Ion chromatograph operating conditions for perchlorate 134
Table 35. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of inorganic ions 139
Table 36. HPLC-MS/MS operating conditions for antibiotics 143
Table 37. MS/MS parameters for antibiotics analysis 146
Table 38. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of antibiotics 147
Table 39. Extraction recoveries of antibiotics (n=5) 147
Table 40. GC-MS operating conditions for alkylphenols, bisphenol-A and anodynia 151
Table 41. Typical standard calibration and detection limits of bisphenol-A and nonylphenol 155
Table 42. Extraction recoveries of bisphenol-A and nonylphenol (n=5) 155
Table 43. Analytical results of volatile organic compounds in treated and raw water 161
Table 44. Analytical results of haloacetic acids in treated and raw water 163
Table 45. Analytical results of bromochloroacetonitrile in treated and raw water 165
Table 46. Analytical results of pesticides in treated and raw water 167
Table 47. Analytical results of chlorophenols in treated and raw water 169
Table 48. Analytical results of semivolatile organic compounds in treated and raw water 171
Table 49. Analytical results of formaldehyde in treated and raw water 173
Table 50. Analytical results of antimony in treated and raw water 175
Table 51. Analytical results of odor compounds in treated and raw water 177
Table 52. Analytical results of bromoform in treated and raw water 179
Table 53. Analytical results of chlorination disinfection by-products and pesticide in treated and raw water 182
Table 54. Analytical results of bromochloroacetic acid and PAHs in treated and raw water 185
Table 55. Analytical results of inorganic compounds in treated and raw water 187
Table 56. Analytical results of perchlorate in treated and raw water 189
Table 57. Analytical results of volatile organic compounds in treated and raw water 192
Table 58. Analytical results of pesticides in treated and raw water 197
Table 59. Analytical results of PAHs in treated and raw water 199
Table 60. Analytical results of alkylphenols in treated and raw water 201
Table 61. Analytical results of molybdenum in treated and raw water 203
Table 62. Analytical results of inorganic ions in treated and raw water 205
Table 63. Analytical results of antibiotics in treated and raw water 207
Table 64. Analytical results of iprobenfos in treated and raw water 209
Table 65. 수질감시항목 (21종) 분석결과 211
Table 66. 수질감시후보항목 (12종) 분석결과 213
Table 67. 연차별조사항목 (31종) 분석결과 214
Table 68. 신규조사항목 (6종) 분석결과 216
Table 69. Analytical results of in raw water 217
Table 70. 2008년 낙동강, 한강 원·정수 시료채취 지점 및 시료채취일 223
Table 71. 항목별 동시분석 list 224
Table 72. 낙동강 수계(08년)중 분석방법 별 미지화합물 검출 결과 list 225
Table 73. 한강 수계(08년)중 분석방법 별 미지화합물 검출 결과 list 225
Table 74. 낙동강 수계(07년)미지물질과 구입한 STD확인 결과 226
Table 75. 낙동강 수계 확인물질 발생원 및 독성 227
Table 76. 발암물질 및 비발암물질의 독성자료 297
Table 77. 발암성물질의 전국 95 percentile 초과발암 위해도 299
Table 78. 검출물질의 비발암성에 의한 전국 95 percentile 위험지수 및 총 위험지수 300
Table 79. 외국의 고도정수시설 현황 324
Fig. 1. P&T-GC/MSD total ion chromatograms of the extracts of spiked volatile organic compounds and blank water 57
Fig. 2. HPLC chromatograms of the extracts of spiked formaldehyde derivative(a) and blank water(b) and UV spectrum of formaldehyde(c) 66
Fig. 3. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms of the extracts of spiked chlorination disinfection by-products, pesticide and blank water 76
Fig. 4. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms of the extracts of spiked methyl derivatives of haloacetic acids and blank water 85
Fig. 5. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms of the extracts of spiked semivolatile compounds and blank water 95
Fig. 6. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms of the extracts of spiked trifluoroethyl derivatives of acidic pesticides and blank water 106
Fig. 7. GC/ECD chromatograms of the extracts of spiked dichloroacetaldehyde and blank water 120
Fig. 8. GC/MSD chromatograms of the extracts of spiked odor compounds and blank water 129
Fig. 9. Mass spectra of odor compounds 130
Fig. 10. IC/ED chromatograms of the extracts spiked bromate and blank water 138
Fig. 11. IC/ED chromatograms of the extracts spiked nitrite and blank water 138
Fig. 12. IC/ED chromatograms of the extracts spiked perchlorate and blank water 138
Fig. 13. HPLC-MS/MS chromatograms of extracts of spiked antibiotics and blank water 146
Fig. 14. GC/MSD chromatograms of the extracts of spiked alkylphenol, bisphenol-A and anodynoa and blank water 154
Fig. 15. GC/IED chromatograms of standard of z-3,4,4,-trimethyl-2-pentene and extract of blank water and mass spectra of standard z-3,4,4,-trimethyl-2-pentene(N-1) 229
Fig. 16. GC/MSD chromatograms of standard of 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentene and extract of blank water and mass spectra of standard 2,4,4-trimethyl-2-pentene(N-3) 230
Fig. 17. GC/MSD chromatograms of standard of monobutylphthalate and extract of sample and blank water and mass spectra of standard monobutylphthalate(N-7) 232
Fig. 18. GC/MSD chromatograms of standard of 2,4-di-t-butyl-6-nitrophenol and extract of sample and blank water and mass spectra of standard 2,4-di-t-butyl-6-nitrophenol(N-8) 234
Fig. 19. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of samples in NAKDONG-river and blank water by volatile organic method 237
Fig. 20. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of samples in NAKDONG-river and blank water by chlorination disinfection by-products, pesticide method 239
Fig. 21. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of samples in NAKDONG-river and blank water by haloacetic acids method 241
Fig. 22. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of samples in NAKDONG-river and blank water by semivolatile method 243
Fig. 23. Mass spectrum of unknown compound (H-1) and the result of library search 244
Fig. 24. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of samples in NAKDONG-river and blank water by alkylphenol method 245
Fig. 25. Mass spectrum of unknown compound (H-2) and the result of library search 246
Fig. 26. Mass spectrum of unknown compound (H-3) and the result of library search 247
Fig. 27. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of samples in NAKDONG-river and blank water by acidic pesticides I method 249
Fig. 28. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of samples in NAKDONG-river and blank water by acidic pesticides II method 251
Fig. 29. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of samples in NAKDONG-river and blank water by amitrole method 253
Fig. 30. Mass spectrum of unknown compound (N-8) and the result of library search 254
Fig. 31. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of samples in NAKDONG-river and blank water by ETU and Benomyl method 256
Fig. 32. Mass spectrum of unknown compound (N-10) and the result of library search 257
Fig. 33. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of samples in NAKDONG-river and blank water by 1,4-dioxane method 259
Fig. 34. Mass spectrum of unknown compound (N-9) and the result of library search 260
Fig. 35. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 1st samples in HAN-river and blank water by volatile organic method 262
Fig. 36. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 2nd samples in HAN-river and blank water by volatile organic method 263
Fig. 37. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 1st samples in HAN-river and blank water by chlorination disinfection by-products and pesticide method 265
Fig. 38. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 2nd samples in HAN-river and blank water by chlorination disinfection by-products and pesticide method 266
Fig. 39. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 1st samples in HAN-river and blank water by haloacetic acids method 268
Fig. 40. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 2nd samples in HAN-river and blank water by haloacetic acids method 269
Fig. 41. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 1st samples in HAN-river and blank water by semivolatile method 271
Fig. 42. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 2nd samples in HAN-river and blank water by semivolatile method 272
Fig. 43. Mass spectrum of unknown compound (H-1) and the result of library search 273
Fig. 44. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 1st samples in HAN-river and blank water by alkylphenol method 274
Fig. 45. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 2nd samples in HAN-river and blank water by alkylphenol method 275
Fig. 46. Mass spectrum of unknown compound (H-2) and the result of library search 276
Fig. 47. Mass spectrum of unknown compound (H-3) and the result of library search 277
Fig. 48. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 1st samples in HAN-river and blank water by acidic pesticides I method 279
Fig. 49. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 2nd samples in HAN-river and blank water by acidic pesticides I method 280
Fig. 50. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 1st samples in HAN-river and blank water by acidic pesticides II method 282
Fig. 51. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 2nd samples in HAN-river and blank water by acidic pesticides II method 283
Fig. 52. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 1st samples in HAN-river and blank water by amitrole method 285
Fig. 53. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 2nd samples in HAN-river and blank water by amitrole method 286
Fig. 54. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 1st samples in HAN-river and blank water by ETU and Benomyl method 288
Fig. 55. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 2nd samples in HAN-river and blank water by ETU and Benomyl method 289
Fig. 56. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 1st samples in HAN-river and blank water by 1.4-dioxane method 291
Fig. 57. GC/MSD total ion chromatograms for the extracts of 2nd samples in HAN-river and blank water by 1.4-dioxane method 292
Scheme 1. Sample preparation procedure of volatile organic compounds 54
Scheme 2. Sample preparation procedure of formaldehyde 64
Scheme 3. Sample preparation procedure of chlorination disinfection by-products and pesticide 72
Scheme 4. Sample preparation procedure of haloacetic acids 82
Scheme 5. Sample preparation procedure of semivolatile organic compounds 92
Scheme 6. Sample preparation procedure of acidic pesticides 103
Scheme 7. Sample preparation procedure of inorganic compounds 111
Scheme 8. Sample preparation procedure of dichloroacetaldehyde 118
Scheme 9. Sample preparation procedure of odor compounds 126
Scheme 10. Sample preparation procedure of inorganic ions 135
Scheme 11. Sample preparation procedure of antibiotics 144
Scheme 12. Sample preparation procedure of alkylphenols, bisphenol-A and anodynia 152
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