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요약문 4
SUMMARY 7
제1장 연구개발과제의 개요 23
제1절 연구개발의 목적 및 필요성 23
1. 최종목표 23
2. 연차별 연구개발 목표 및 내용 23
제2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 26
제1절 국내 기술개발 현황 26
1. 서언 26
2. 탐사기술 27
제2절 해외 기술개발 현황 29
제3장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 33
제1절 에티오피아 33
1. 서론 33
2. 조사지역 개요 33
3. 조사내용 38
4. 결론 67
제2절 콩고민주공화국 조사결과 68
1. 서론 68
2. 콩고민주공화국 남동부 주석벨트(키바란대) 69
3. 카탕가 주(Katanga) 산업활동 현황 71
4. 연구지역의 지질 및 광상 73
5. 연구수행 내용 76
6. 결론 101
제3절 콜롬비아 103
1. 조사지역 103
2. GIS DB구축 104
3. 지질 106
4. 광상 110
5. 조사내용 111
6. 결론 135
제4절 짐바브웨 136
1. 공동조사 추진 이력 136
2. 공동 탐사지역 136
3. 결론 138
제5절 터키 희유금속 탐사지 예비조사 139
1. 서론 139
2. 예비조사 143
3. 광물 및 화학분석 155
4. 결론 및 본조사 범위 선정 161
제6절 그린란드 162
1. 배경 162
2. 광물자원현황 162
3. 지질 164
제7절 위탁연구결과 165
1. 위탁과제 1(에티오피아) 165
2. 위탁과제 2(콩고민주공화국) 202
2. 위탁과제 3(콜롬비아) 293
제8절 결론 380
1. 에티오피아 380
2. 콩고민주공화국 381
3. 콜롬비아 381
4. 짐바브웨 382
제4장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 384
1. 정부 정책적 측면 384
2. 과학기술적 측면 384
3. 경제ㆍ산업적 측면 384
4. 국민생활과 사회 수준 향상에의 기여 측면 385
제5장 참고문헌 386
Table 1-1. Results of measuring pH, temperature, and electrical conductivity (EC) for brine and hot springwater of lakes from Main Ethiopian Rift Valley, Ethiopia 39
Table 1-2. The composition of brine, hot springs, and rock salt from saline lake 42
Table 1-3. Results of the geochemical data of geothermal water from hot springs in Main Ethiopian RiftValley (The units are mg/l) 47
Table 1-4. Major compositions of the Kenticha pegmatite and leucogranite. The units are weight percent 59
Table 1-5. Results of chemical analyses for selected elements from the Kenticha pegmatite (units are ppm) 61
Table 1-5. (Continued) 62
Table 1-6. Results of chemical analyses for selected elements from the Bupo pegmatite (units are ppm) 65
Table 2-1. Occurrences of Cu, Au, Sn, Mn, Precious metal, Cement and Coal in Katanga province 72
Table 2-2. Chemical composition of rare earth elements of the ore samples from Mwanza area (unit: ppm) 88
Table 2-3. Chemical composition of rare earth elements within granites and altered granites from Mwanzaarea (unit: ppm) 88
Table 2-4. Chemical composition of trace elements within the ore samples from Mwanza area 89
Table 2-5. Chemical composition of trace elements within granites, altered granites and gneiss from Mwanzaarea 89
Table 2-6. Chemical composition of trace elements of the Mwanza stream sediments 90
Table 2-7. Chemical composition of rare earth element within the ore samples in Kongolo 97
Table 2-8. Chemical composition of rare earth elements within granites from Kongolo area 97
Table 2-9. Chemical composition of trace elements within the ore samples from Kongolo area 98
Table 2-10. Chemical composition of trace elements within granites from Kongolo area 98
Table 2-11. Chemical composition of trace elements of the Kongolo stream sediments 99
Table 3-1/ Table 3-2. Chemical analysis results of the Nb-Ta on stream sediments in the study area 113
Table 3-2/ Table 3-3. Major compositions on the granite outcrops in the Vichada area 117
Table 3-3/ Table 3-4. Chemical composition of rare earth elements on the granite outcrops in the Vichada area 118
Table 3-4/ Table 3-5. Trace elements composition on the granite outcrops in the Vichada area 120
Table 3-5/ Table 3-6. Chemical composition of rare earth elements on the stream sediments and soils in the Vichada area 121
Table 3-6/ Table 3-7. Trace elements composition on the stream sediments and soils in the Vichada area 121
Table 3-7/ Table 3-8. Fracture developing history in the study area 134
Table 5-1. Selected important minerals of Turkey and the reserves (E&MJ, 2012) 141
Table 5-2. Mineral Exports of Turkey between 2000 and 2011 (E&MJ, 2012) 142
Table 5-3. Elemental contents of iron ore 157
Table 5-4. REE contents in fluorite ore samples and nearby rocks 159
Table 5-5. Metal contents in fluorite ore samples and nearby rocks 160
Fig. 1. Distribution of World non-ferrous mineral exploration budgets (excluding uranium) in 2008(Geoscience Australia, 2009) 29
Fig. 2. Exploration expenditure of Canada from 1997 to 2008 (million $) (Canadian IntergovernmentalWorking Group on the Mineral Industry, 2008) 29
Fig. 3. Exploration and deposit appraisal expenditures by type of activity, 2007 (Information Bulletin March2008, http://mmsd.mms.nrcan.gc.ca/stat-stat/explexpl/sta-sta-eng.aspx) 30
Fig. 4. Exploration and deposit appraisal expenditures in Canada, by commodity sought, 1998-2008 (currentdollars) (Canadian Intergovernmental Working Group on the Mineral Industry, 2008) 30
Fig. 5. Expenditures on exploration and deposit appraisal by province, 2008-09 (Newfoundland and LabradorDepartment of Natural Resources, 2009) 31
Fig. 6. Exploration expenditures of Labrador and Newfoundland, Canada 1982-2009 (Newfoundland andLabrador Department of Natural Resources. 2009) 31
Fig. 7. Situation of diamond drilling, Labrador and Newfoundland, Canada from 1982 to 2009 (Newfoundlandand Labrador Department of Natural Resources, 2009) 32
Fig. 8. Australian mineral exploration expenditure, excluding gold and base metals, in constant 2007-08dollars (Geoscience Australia, 2009) 32
Fig. 1-1. General geology of the Ethiopia and location of survey area between Korean Institute ofGeoscience and Mineral Resources (KIGAM) and Geological survey of Ethiopia (GSE). Red dottedline is for epithermal Au-Ag and Li, and black dotted square areas are for rare metal mineralizedzone 34
Fig. 1-2. Schematic model for evolution of Main Ethiopian Rift Valley (modified after Corti, 2009) 36
Fig. 1-3. Brine water samples from Lake Abiyata (A) and Shala (B) was taken by local people. Ethiopiangeologists sampled brine from Fantale hot spring (C) and Lake Beseka (D), respectively 40
Fig. 1-4. Overview of saline Lake Afdera and around salt farm (A) and water sample for Li from hot spring(B). View of evaporite from brine water of lake Asa ale (C). Lake Asa ale is divided into twozones as white and blue base on their composition (D). The lake Asa ale water contain anumerous sulfur (E) and NW-trending old evaporite (F) 41
Fig. 1-5. Piper plot showing the chemical variability of selected samples of the brine and hot spring waterof Main Ethiopian Rift Valley, Ethiopia 43
Fig. 1-6. Plot of Li+ vs. K+, Na+, Sr2+, and Ca2+ for brine and hot springs 44
Fig. 1-7. Plot of Li+ vs. HCO3-, Cl-, SO42-, and Br- for brine and hot springs 45
Fig. 1-8. Occurrences of hot springs from Shala (A and B) and Langano (C and D) 48
Fig. 1-9. Occurrence of hot spring from the Demaegona stream 49
Fig. 1-10. Tendaho epithermal Au prospect related to geothermal system. View of the Tendaho epithermalAu prospects. N40°W-trending chalcedonic siliceous rocks occur in the Tendaho area (A).Chalcedonic siliceous rocks are strongly brecciated (B). The quartz vein is parallel to bedding ofsandstone and show the colloform texture (C). Deposition of carbonate sinter around Allalobedageysers (D) 50
Fig. 1-11. Ternary plot of Cl-SO4-HCO3 composition of geothermal water from hot spring within MainEthiopian Rift Valley, Ethiopia 52
Fig. 1-12. Regional geology of the Adola Belt showing the location of the Kenticha pegmatite 53
Fig. 1-13. Geological route mapping and channel sampling on the Kenticha area, Southern Ethiopia 54
Fig. 1-14. The Kenticha Nb-Ta-bearing pegmatite occurs between serpentinite in eastern part and leucogranite in western part (A and B). Greenish wedge and/or radial spodumene occur withinpegmatite (C). Ta-ore minerals commonly observed in massive quartz unit (D) 55
Fig. 1-15. Representative handspecimens of the Kenticha pegmatite showing the leuco granite (A), variousoccurrences of Ta-ores (B-D), spodumene (E), and lepidolite (F) 57
Fig. 1-16. Photomicrographs of Ta-bearing ore minerals with albite (A-C) and Li-bearing mica (lepidolite; D) 58
Fig. 1-17. The X-ray powder diffraction patterns of the Kenticha pegmatite. Abbreviations: Ab= albite, Ch=chlorite, Le= lepidolite, K= kaolinite, Sp 58
Fig. 1-18. Hacker variation diagrams for the Kenticha pegmatite and leuco granite 60
Fig. 1-19. Geological route mapping and channel sampling on the Bupo area, Southern Ethiopia 64
Fig. 1-20. Photographs showing the strongly weathered Bupo pegmatite (A). The Bupo pegmatite is boundedby amphibole schist in the western margin (B) 66
Fig. 1-21. View of exposed pegmatites in Babile-Bambas area. Pegmaite crosscuting the amphibole schist (A)and large mica crystal in feldsparthic pegmatite in old mica quarry mine area. Graphic texture, anintergrowth of skeletal quartz (gray) in pinkish K-feldspar (C). Intrusion of granodiorite parallel tofoliation of gneiss and later pegmatite vein crosscut all rocks (D). Abbreviation: amph sch,amphibole schist; btgn, biotite gneiss; grd, granodiorite; peg, pegmatite 66
Fig. 2-1. The progress of joint exploration between KIGAM and CRGM 68
Fig. 2-2. Distribution of mineral resources of DR Congo (http://blog.naver.com/sompat/80038635787) 70
Fig. 2-3. Precambrian igneous rocks of the Kibaran belt (from Kokonyangi et al., 2006) 71
Fig. 2-4. Geological map of Mwanza and Kongolo area (from CRGM) 74
Fig. 2-5. Schematic figure showing the structures in the Kibaran belt (from Kokonyangi et al., 2006) 76
Fig. 2-6. Simplified satellite image showing the distribution of mineral resources in the DR Congo(http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-15722799) 77
Fig. 2-7. Simplified map showing the study areas of 2012 77
Fig. 2-8. Cassiterite (a) and coltan (b) minerals produced in the Mwanza's small mines 78
Fig. 2-9. Simplified geological map showing sampling locations of Mwanza 79
Fig. 2-10. Photographs showing quartz vein in granite (a) and altered granite (b) in Mwanza 80
Fig. 2-11. Photographs showing pegmatite in augen gneiss in Mwanza 80
Fig. 2-12. Photographs showing irregular direction pegmatite (a, b, c) and folded meta-sedimentary rock (d) 81
Fig. 2-13. Photographs showing well-rounded conglomerate (b), which has NNE-SSW direction (a) 81
Fig. 2-14. Photographs show NE-SW trending en-echelon tourmaline-bearing quartz veins and clay materialwhich developed in alteration zone (Qz=Quartz, Tur 82
Fig. 2-15. X-ray diffraction pattern of pegmatite (T 83
Fig. 2-16. Alteration zone (1-4) and pegmatitic vein (Pg) Katondo's small mine 83
Fig. 2-17. X-ray diffraction patterns of the samples of alteration zone (1-4) (S=Smectite, IS=Illite-smectitemixed layer, I=Illite, K=Kaolinite, Q 84
Fig. 2-18. Photographs showing NE-SW trending brecciated pegmatite (a, b, c, d), upper- and lower-part ofpegmatite, alteration zones are developed (a) 85
Fig. 2-19. Photomicrographs of polished thin section of brecciated pegmatite (a, b), fractured toumaline (a) 85
Fig. 2-20. Photographs showing NE-SW trending pegmatite (a). Muscovite-rich part in pegmatite affected byshearing (b) 86
Fig. 2-21. Photograph showing sub-parallel NE-trending veins in silver mine 86
Fig. 2-22. Photographs showing sampling the stream sediment (a, b, c). Commonly, stream sediments arecomprised of muscovite, cassiterite and tourmaline 87
Fig. 2-23. Stream sediment sampling results for Sn from Mwanza 91
Fig. 2-24. Stream sediment sampling results for Nb from Mwanza 91
Fig. 2-25. Stream sediment sampling results for Ta from Mwanza 92
Fig. 2-26. Simplified geological map showing sampling locations of Kongolo 93
Fig. 2-27. Photographs show Granite (a), veins (b, c) and gneiss (d) in Kongolo (Qz=Quartz, Tur 94
Fig. 2-28. Photographs showing alluvial deposits, which are located near the small stream 95
Fig. 2-29. Schematic figure showing sampling location (a) and photographs showing sampling the streamsediment (b, c, d). Commonly, stream sediments are comprised of quartz, feldspar, cassiterite andiron oxide 96
Fig. 2-30. Stream sediment sampling results for Sn from Kongolo 100
Fig. 2-31. Stream sediment sampling results for Nb from Kongolo 100
Fig. 2-32. Stream sediment sampling results for Ta from Kongolo 101
Fig. 3-1. Location map of the study area (Image from Google) 103
Fig. 3-2. Granitic landforms in the study area 104
Fig. 3-3. Study area in Colombia 105
Fig. 3-4. Digital elevation map 105
Fig. 3-5. Hillshade map 105
Fig. 3-6. Landsat-7 band combination(3/2/1-RGB) 105
Fig. 3-7. Digital elevation map 105
Fig. 3-8. Hillshade map 105
Fig. 3-9. Landsat-7 band combination(3/2/1-RGB) 105
Fig. 3-10. Tectonic map around the study area (from Fraga et al., 2009) 107
Fig. 3-11. Geological map of the Colombia (from SGC) 108
Fig. 3-12. Geological map and sampling sites of the study area. Red, green, and yellow dots indicate therock, soil, and stream sediment samples, respectively 109
Fig. 3-13. Photographs of the rapakivi or parguaza granite in the study area 110
Fig. 3-14. Micro-photographs from the northern granite mass. (a & b) Biotite was rather severely chlolitizedinto dark green colour. (c & d) Seriate quartz aggregates are found in the near of central parts(Qtz: quartz, P: perthite, Bt: biotite, Mc: microcline) 113
Fig. 3-15. Micro-photographs from the southern granite mass. (a & b) Opaque mineral(probably limonite ormagnetite)is shown in the lower cental part (Qtz: quartz, Bt: biotite, Mc: microcline) 114
Fig. 3-16. Micro-photographs of the eastern granite stock (Qtz: quartz, Pl: plagioclase, P: perthite, Bt:biotite, Mc: microcline) 114
Fig. 3-16. (Continued) 115
Fig. 3-17. Micro-photographs of the western granite stock (Qtz: quartz, P: perthite, Bt: biotite, Mc:microcline, Zr: zircon) 115
Fig. 3-18. Panning sampling on the stream and soil samplings in the flat areas. (d) There is a lateritic layerwhich composed of red-brown iron concretions just below the A-profile among the soil formation 116
Fig. 3-19. SiO2 vs. major oxides diagrams of the rapakivi granite of the study area 124
Fig. 3-19. (Continued) 125
Fig. 3-20. Molecular A/CNK vs. A/CN diagram of the rapakivi granite of the study area 126
Fig. 3-21. AMF variation triangular diagram of the rapakivi granite of the study area 126
Fig. 3-22. Chondrite-normalized REE variations of the rapakivi granite of the study area 127
Fig. 3-23. Pegmatite and quartz veins in the study area. Previous fractures are filled with pegmatite andquartz veins 128
Fig. 3-24. NE-SW trending fractures and aplite during 1st phase of deformation in the study area 129
Fig. 3-25. NNE-SSW trending fractures and quartz veins during 2nd phase of deformation in the study area.NNE-SSW trending fracture penetrates the previous aplite during 1st deformation 130
Fig. 3-26. ENE-WSW trending pegmatite veins during 3rd phase of deformation. WSW-ENE trendingleft-lateral strike-slip fault during 3rd phase of deformation, which cross-cuts the previous quartzveins 131
Fig. 3-27. NE-SW trending right-lateral strike-slip fault during 3rd phase of deformation. The horsetailstructure in the fault tip indicates the right-lateral movement sense 131
Fig. 3-28. NE-SW trending right-lateral strike-slip fault cuts the previous WNW-ESE trending aplite. Thehorsetail structure indicates the right-lateral movement sense 132
Fig. 3-29. N-S trending left-lateral strike-slip fault during the last phase of deformation 133
Fig. 4-1. Zimbabwe geological map and survey area 136
Fig. 4-2. Geological map of Darwin-Mudzi area in the Northeastern part of Zimbabwe 137
Fig. 4-3. Geological map of Mwenezi area in the Southeastern part of Zimbabwe 137
Fig. 4-4. Geological map of Chiredzi area in the Southeastern part of Zimbabwe 138
Fig. 5-1. Tectonic setting of Turkey (Anschnitt, 2008). A-T: Anatolide-Tauride terrane; P: Pontides terrane 139
Fig. 5-2. Tectonic map near Turkey showing major sutures and continental blocks (Anschnitt, 2008) 140
Fig. 5-3. Relative Exports of selected important minerals in 2011 (E&MJ, 2012) 142
Fig. 5-4. Geographical and geological maps of the study area 143
Fig. 5-4. (Continued) (● locations of field works; □ tentative study area for detailed field works) 144
Fig. 5-5. Iron deposits in Turkey 145
Fig. 5-6. Exploitable iron ore reserves of Turkey (E&MJ, 2012) 146
Fig. 5-7. Iron deposits in Hasacelebi and Kuluncak-Basoren-Sofular area 147
Fig. 5-8. Sulfide alteration zone with copper ore (a), alteration zone with scapolite, chlorite, and magnetite(b), alkali alteration zone with euhedral K-feldspar (c), scapolitic alteration zone (d) in Hasancelebiiron deposits 148
Fig. 5-9. Drilling site (a), hematite (b), calcite filling cavities (c), iron ore in the drill core (d) in Karakuz irondeposits 149
Fig. 5-10. Yayla Evleri drilling site (a), phlogopite in potassic alteration zone (b), magnetite (c), secondaryfine calcite veins (d) 150
Fig. 5-11. Dusuksogut hematite mine (a), surface miner (b), hematite ore with fine calcite veins (c),magnetic separation (d) 151
Fig. 5-12. Bosoren Alibeytepe fluorite deposit [location 1 in Fig. 5-4-d] (a), fluorite ore (b), radiation valuemeasurement (c), contact zone of limestone and syenite-monzodiorite (d-e) 152
Fig. 5-13. Bosoren Alibeytepe fluorite deposit [location 2 in Fig. 5-4-d] mine cut (a), fluorite ore incarbonate rock (b), fluorite ore (c) 153
Fig. 5-14. Bosoren Alibeytepe fluorite deposit [location 3 in Fig. 5-4-d] mine cut (a), contact zone of syeniteand limestone (b), radiation measurement on fluorite ore (c) 153
Fig. 5-14. Bosoren Alibeytepe fluorite deposit [location 3 in Fig. 5-4-d] mine cut (d-f), fluorite ore with darkminerals showing band structures (g). fluorite ore (h) (continued) 154
Fig. 5-15. Fluorite ore samples (a-g) and the accompanying dark mineral sample (h) 156
Fig. 5-16. Part of the britholite vein observed by Ozgenc & Kibici (1994) 157
Fig. 5-17. XRD patters of fluorite ore samples. CC: calcite, RC: rare earth carbonate, CF: fluorite, YCF: yttrifluorite 158
Fig. 6-1. Cooperation with Geological survey of Danmark and Greenland (ZEUS) Left: KIGAM-GEUSSymposium, Middle: KIGAM-GEUS MOU conclusion, Right: Cooperative research meeting in GEUS 162
Fig. 6-2. Discussion contents with GEUS visitors in KIGAM 162
Fig. 6-3. Greenland mineral resources distribution map 163
Fig. 6-4. Greenland Rare Earth Elements resources distribution map 163
Fig. 6-5. Greenland schematic geologic map 164
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