Fig. 1-1. Distribution of world non-ferrous mineral exploration budgets(excluding... 40

Fig. 1-2. Exploration expenditure of Canada from 1997 to 2008(Canadian... 41

Fig. 1-3. Exploration and deposit appraisal expenditures by type of activity, 2007... 41

Fig. 1-4. Exploration and deposit appraisal expenditures in Canada, by commodity... 42

Fig. 1-5. Expenditures on exploration and deposit appraisal by province, 2008-09... 42

Fig. 1-6. Exploration expenditures of Labrador and Newfoundland. Canada 1982-2009... 43

Fig. 1-7. Situation of diamond drilling, Labrador and Newfoundland, Canada from 1982... 43

Fig. 1-8. Australian mineral exploration expenditure. excluding gold and base metals,... 44

Fig. 2-1. Modal quartz (Q)-alkali feldspar (A)-plagioclase (P) ternary plot. IAG＝island arc... 49

Fig. 2-2. Minerals from the Khangai area 49

Fig. 2-3. Zircons from the Khangai area 52

Fig. 2-4. Area mapping of zircon from the Khangai area 52

Fig. 2-5. Line mapping of zircon from the Khangai area. 53

Fig. 2-6. Mutual discussion for IGMR's reform and data of research area between... 55

Fig. 2-7. Regional location of study area(left＝first study area, right＝second... 56

Fig. 2-8. Geological map of the Erdenesant area 57

Fig. 2-9. The contact between biotite granite (front) and sedimentary rock (back)... 58

Fig. 2-10. Biotite granite (left) and miarolitic structure(right＝pegmatite... 58

Fig. 2-11. Massive barren quartz vein (left) and black minerals-bearing quartz... 59

Fig. 2-12. W-bearing greisen vein from the Erdenesant area(valley, 2 site) 60

Fig. 2-13. W-bearing quartz vein from the Erdenesant area(summit, 1 site) 60

Fig. 2-14. W-bearing quartz vein from the Erdenesant area(north part of central,... 61

Fig. 2-15. W-bearing quartz vein from the Erdenesant area(north part of central,... 61

Fig. 2-16. Geological map of the Khangai REE-Nb-Ta occurrence 64

Fig. 2-17. Granite porphyry from K7 east site of the Khangai REE-Nb-Ta... 65

Fig. 2-18. Granite porphyry from K7 east site of the Khangai REE-Nb-Ta... 65

Fig. 2-19. Granite porphyry from K7 east site of the Khangai REE-Nb-Ta... 65

Fig. 2-20. Counter and contents of K, U and Th at the K3 site of Khangai... 66

Fig. 2-21. Fine or medium granite from K3 site of the Khangai REE-Nb-Ta... 67

Fig. 2-22. Counter and contents of K, U and Th of fine or medium granite frome... 67

Fig. 2-23. View of granitoid-related Cu mineralization from the Hayrhandulaan... 70

Fig. 2-24. Amphibolite (left) and granodiorite (right) from granitoid-related Cu... 70

Fig. 2-25. Banded gneiss (left) and pink feldspar granite (right) from porphyry Cu... 71

Fig. 2-26. Fe oxides (left) and Cu oxides (right) from porphyry Cu mineralization... 72

Fig. 2-27. Digging (left) and chalcopyrite (right) from porphyry Cu mineralization... 72

Fig. 2-28. Pink feldspar granite (left) and veins (right) from Cu-W-bearing greisen... 75

Fig. 2-29. View of Cu-W-bearing greisen and quartz veins of the Hayrhandulaan... 75

Fig. 2-30. Fe oxides (left) and Cu oxides (right) from Cu-W-bearing greisen and... 75

Fig. 2-31. Geological map of Cu mineralization at the Hayrhandulaan area 76

Fig. 2-32. Quartz vein from Cu mineralization of the Hayrhandulaan area(left＝... 77

Fig. 2-33. Quartz vein (left) with cavity and quartz veins (right) of different stage... 77

Fig. 2-34. Granite (left) and quartz veins (right) from porphyry Mo-Cu... 78

Fig. 2-35. Wallrock alteration (left) and minerals (right) from porphyry Mo-Cu... 78

Fig. 2-36. Quartz vein (left) and quartz vein (right) of different stage from the... 81

Fig. 2-37. Sedimentary rocks (green) and igneous rocks (pink) from skarn Cu... 82

Fig. 2-38. Limestone (left) and granite porphyry (right) from skarn Cu... 82

Fig. 2-39. Cu oxides from skarn Cu mineralization of the Jargalan area 82

Fig. 2-40. Cu mineralization area (left) and sedimentary rocks (right) of the... 83

Fig. 2-41. Cu oxides from skarn Cu mineralization of the Jargalan area(left＝... 83

Fig. 2-42. Trench (left) and grey white limestone (right) from skarn Cu... 88

Fig. 2-43. Cu oxides and epidote from skarn Cu mineralization of the Jargalan... 88

Fig. 2-44. Mineral resource map of the Bayanbulag soum area 89

Fig. 2-45. Igneous rocks from the Beliin-Tsahir W-Mo occurrence 90

Fig. 2-46. Greisen and quartz vein from the Beliin-Tsahir W-Mo occurrence 90

Fig. 2-47. Greisen and quartz vein, and fluorite from the Beliin-Tsahir W-Mo... 91

Fig. 2-48. Trench and rock cores from the Beliin-Tsahir W-Mo occurrence 91

Fig. 2-49. Geological map of the Zadgaibulag W occurrence 92

Fig. 2-50. Granite, black shale and contact from the Zadgaibulag W occurrence 93

Fig. 2-51. Contact between marble limestone and igneous rock from the... 93

Fig. 2-52. Hornblede granite (left) and quartz vein (right) from the... 94

Fig. 2-53. Trench of quartz veins from the Ovoot-Oendor Ta-Nb occurrence 95

Fig. 2-54. Pink feldspar granite from the Ovoot-Oendor Ta-Nb occurrence(left＝... 96

Fig. 2-55. Quartz vein from the Unegt Au occurrence 97

Fig. 2-56. Quartz vein and trench from the Unegt Au occurrence 97

Fig. 2-57. Limestone(white) and granite(pink) from the Biluutiin-Gol Fe-Sn... 98

Fig. 2-58. Limestone, shale and granite from the Biluutiin-Gol Fe-Sn occurrence 98

Fig. 2-59. Fe mineralization from the Biluutiin-Gol Fe-Sn occurrence 99

Fig. 2-60. Trench from the Biluutiin-Gol Fe-Sn occurrence 99

Fig. 2-61. Skarn zone from the Biluutiin-Gol Fe-Sn occurrence 100

Fig. 2-62. Contact (left), hornblede granite (middle) and limesilicate (right) from... 100

Fig. 2-63. Mineral resource map (left) and view (right) of the Cu-Au occurrence 101

Fig. 2-64. Geological map of the Taatsyn-Gol-II Au-W occurrence(PR¹₁... 102

Fig. 2-65. View of the Taatsyn-Gol-II Au-W occurrenc 103

Fig. 2-66. Quartz vein and trench from the Taatsyn-Gol-II Au-W occurrence 104

Fig. 2-67. Quartz vein and Cu oxides from Cu mineralization of the... 105

Fig. 2-68. Quartz vein from Sn mineralization of the Khairkhandulaan soum area 105

Fig. 2-69. Tectonic province in Mongolia 108

Fig. 2-70. Fault system in the southwestern part of Mongolia 108

Fig. 2-71. Geology and geological structures around Toglog. E-W trending schist... 110

Fig. 2-72. Geology and geological structures around Toglog. Pinkish granite (a, b),... 111

Fig. 2-73. Pinkish granite developed in the 25 km of SSE Hayrhandulaan (a). E-W... 112

Fig. 2-74. Outcrops of the southern part of Hayrhandulaan. Grey to pale pinkish... 114

Fig. 2-75. Outcrops of the southern part of Hayrhandulaan. Quartz vein and... 115

Fig. 2-76. Geology and geological structures in the northern part of Jargalan.... 116

Fig. 3-1. Location map of major tungsten deposits in Mongolia 122

Fig. 3-2. Schematic distribution of tin, tungsten and molybdenum deposits and... 125

Fig. 3-3. (Left) Location map of Dulaankhaikhan W-Mo survey area and... 136

Fig. 3-4. Mineral distribution map of Bayan-Onjuul area and magnetic survey area and... 136

Fig. 3-5. Base station of magnetic survey 138

Fig. 3-6. Performing magnetic survey 138

Fig. 3-7. Topographic map of magnetic survey area and magnetic survey results 138

Fig. 3-8. Spectroscopic characteristics of major rock types in the survey area 140

Fig. 3-9. Correction of geologic map using remote sensing results 141

Fig. 3-10. Measurement lines and their heights of magnetic survey in the deposit I... 142

Fig. 3-11. Total magnetic anomaly map in the deposit I (left) and deposit II (right) 142

Fig. 3-12. Analyzed terrain map using GPS data in deposit I (left) and deposit II... 142

Fig. 3-13. 3D magnetic inversion result in the deposit I area. Red solid models... 144

Fig. 3-14. 3D magnetic inversion result in the deposit II area. Red solid models... 144

Fig. 3-15. 3D magnetic inversion result in the whole research area. Red solid... 145

Fig. 3-16. Interpolated total magnetic anomaly on the 2D grid points using Kriging... 146

Fig. 3-17. Analyzed 3D magnetic susceptibility model using 3D magnetic inversion. 146

Fig. 3-18. Geologic map of Dulaankhaikhan W-Mo survey area. Location of survey... 148

Fig. 3-19. Andesite and pegmatite vein in survey point 1. 149

Fig. 3-20. Intrusive pegmatite vein(red dashed line) between granite(on the right... 149

Fig. 3-21. Mining site in Ult gold deposit. 150

Fig. 3-22. Gold bearing quartzite in Ult gold deposit (left) and gold bearing... 150

Fig. 3-23. Wolframite bearing quartz vein intruded in andesite in survey point 8... 150

Fig. 3-24. X-ray diffraction pattern of tungsten containing quartz vein sample... 151

Fig. 3-25. Geologic map of Bayan-Onjuul survey area. Also, location of survey... 156

Fig. 3-26. Wolframite bearing quartz vein intruded in quartzite in Jurassic... 157

Fig. 3-27. Restored site after former trench investigation in survey point 6. 158

Fig. 3-28. SEM photograph and EDS result of W containing quartz vein sample... 158

Fig. 4-1. Main rare earth mineral 177

Fig. 4-2. Geologic map of Tri Le area 183

Fig. 4-3. Location map of the candidate area for soil geochemical exploration in the... 184

Fig. 4-4. Investigation map of grid soil geochemical exploration 185

Fig. 4-5. Photographs about soil geochemical exploration 186

Fig. 4-6. Location map of the first candidate area 187

Fig. 4-7. Panoramic view of the first candidate area (left), granite weathered zone... 188

Fig. 4-8. Distribution map of soil sample for the first candidate area 188

Fig. 4-9. TREO of the soil sample for the first candidate area 189

Fig. 4-10. Location map of the second candidate area. Mo＝Monazite 190

Fig. 4-11. Panoramic view of the second candidate area 191

Fig. 4-12. Distribution map of the soil sample in the second candidate area 193

Fig. 4-13. TREO of the soil sample in the second candidate area 194

Fig. 4-14. Location map of the third candidate area 195

Fig. 4-15. Panoramic view of the third candidate area 197

Fig. 4-16. Distribution map of the soil sample in the third candidate area 198

Fig. 4-17. TREO of the soil sample in the third candidate area 199

Fig. 4-18. Soil geochemical anomaly map in Tri Le area(TREO) 202

Fig. 4-19. Soil geochemical anomaly map in Tri Le area(La+Ce) 203

Fig. 4-20. Soil geochemical anomaly map in Tri Le area(Y) 204

Fig. 4-21. Soil geochemical anomaly map in Tri Le area(La) 205

Fig. 4-22. Soil geochemical anomaly map in Tri Le area(Ce) 206

Fig. 4-23. Soil geochemical anomaly map in Tri Le area(Nd) 207

Fig. 4-24. Soil geochemical anomaly map in Tri Le area(Sm) 208

Fig. 4-25. Soil geochemical anomaly map in Tri Le area(Gd) 209

Fig. 4-26. Soil geochemical anomaly map in Tri Le area(Dy) 210

Fig. 4-27. Soil geochemical anomaly map in Tri Le area(Pr) 211

Fig. 4-28. Soil geochemical anomaly map in Tri Le area(Eu) 212

Fig. 4-29. Soil geochemical anomaly map in Tri Le area(Tb) 213

Fig. 4-30. Soil geochemical anomaly map in Tri Le area(Ho) 214

Fig. 4-31. Soil geochemical anomaly map in Tri Le area(Er) 215

Fig. 4-32. Soil geochemical anomaly map in Tri Le area(Tm) 216

Fig. 4-33. Soil geochemical anomaly map in Tri Le area(Yb) 217

Fig. 4-34. Soil geochemical anomaly map in Tri Le area(Lu) 218

Fig. 4-35. Sketch map of the cross-section in the 1-9 pit 227

Fig. 4-36. Photograph of the cross-section for the pit 1-9 228

Fig. 4-37. Sketch map of the cross-section in the 1-10 pit 229

Fig. 4-38. Photograph of the cross-section for the pit 1-10 230

Fig. 4-39. Sketch map of the cross-section in the pit 2-10 231

Fig. 4-40. Photograph of the cross-section for the pit 2-10 232

Fig. 4-41. Sketch map of the cross-section in the pit 18-2 233

Fig. 4-42. Photograph of the cross-section for the pit 18-2 234

Fig. 4-43. Sketch map of the cross-section in the pit 20-2 235

Fig. 4-44. Photograph of the cross-section for the pit 20-2 236

Fig. 4-45. Sketch map of the cross-section in the pit 21-1 237

Fig. 4-46. Photograph of the cross-section for the pit 21-1 238

Fig. 4-47. Sketch map of the cross-section in the pit 23-6 239

Fig. 4-48. Photograph of the cross-section for the pit 23-6 240

Fig. 4-49. Exploration plan in 2014 245

Fig. 5-1. Maps showing the location of 2013 KIGAM-DGSE Joint field survey... 247

Fig. 5-2. Topographic classification of Myanmar 247

Fig. 5-3. Plate tectonic setting adjacent to Myanmar. 248

Fig. 5-4. Schematic map showing the geological structure of Myanmar. 249

Fig. 5-5. Regional geological map of Myanmar. 251

Fig. 5-6. Stratigraphic chart of Myanmar. 252

Fig. 5-7. Major geotectonic units of Myanmar. 252

Fig. 5-8. Structural map of Myanmar. 258

Fig. 5-9. Geological blocks of Myanmar. 259

Fig. 5-10. Mineral commodity and mining license of Myanmar 260

Fig. 5-11. Metallogenic province of Myanmar. 260

Fig. 5-12. Location and geographic feature of Bophi Vum, Myanmar 263

Fig. 5-13. Geography and geology of Bophi Vum 264

Fig. 5-14. Photographs showing detailed surface survey. 267

Fig. 5-15. Geological map showing the distribution of Cr-ore bodies at Bophi Vum... 268

Fig. 5-16. Photographs of harzburgite outcrops 269

Fig. 5-17. Microphotographs showing serpentinized harzburgite in thin section.... 269

Fig. 5-18. Photographs showing outcrops of light yellowsh dunite 270

Fig. 5-19. Microphotographs showing serpentinized dunite in thin section, open... 271

Fig. 5-20. Photographs showing outcrops of dark greenish serpentinite 271

Fig. 5-21. Microphotographs showing serpentinite in thin section, open polarizd... 272

Fig. 5-22. Diagram of Ca-Mg-Fe pyroxenes 274

Fig. 5-23. Diagram of MgO vs. Al₂O₃ showing the compositional variations of... 274

Fig. 5-24. Compositional variation of clinopyroxene from chromitite, dunite,... 275

Fig. 5-25. Compositional variation of orthopyroxene from chromitite, dunite and... 276

Fig. 5-26. Photographs showing the ore bodies of podiform chromite in dunite... 278

Fig. 5-27. Photographs showing the ore bodies of massive chromite 278

Fig. 5-28. Photographs of chromite grains occurred as fine-grained disseminates... 278

Fig. 5-29. Photographs of chromite ore veins infilling along fault and fine... 279

Fig. 5-30. Photographs of chromite ore vein filling along the contact zone... 279

Fig. 5-31. Photographs of chromitite outcrops including dunite fragments. 280

Fig. 5-32. Photographs of chromitite ore veins occurring as net-works type in... 280

Fig. 5-33. Classification of the composition of chromian spinel from Bophi Vum... 283

Fig. 5-34. Atomic proportions of Fe³⁺, Cr, and AI for chromian spinels from... 284

Fig. 5-35. Mg# vs. Cr# diagram for chromian spinels from Bophi Vum,... 284

Fig. 5-36. Al₂O₃ vs. Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ diagram for chromian spinels from Bophi Vum,... 285

Fig. 5-37. Al₂O₃ vs. TiO₂ diagram for chromian spinels from Bophi Vum,... 286

Fig. 5-38. (FeO/MgO)melt vs (Al₂O₃)melt (wt.%) calculated on the basis of the... 287

Fig. 5-39. Photographs for podiform chromitite: rock (upper); slab (middle);... 289

Fig. 5-40. Photographs for anti-podiform texture: rock (left); thin section (right... 290

Fig. 5-41. XRD patterns for podiform chromitite and serpentinite. 290

Fig. 5-42. Photographs of magnetite and silica veins in dunite matrix(left) and... 291

Fig. 5-43. Back-scattered electron image showing chromite magnetitization. 292

Fig. 5-44. Photographs of silica veins within dunite matrix. 293

Fig. 5-45. Photographs of outcrops covered with soils and debris. 294

Fig. 5-46. Geological map showing soil sampling sites and survey route(in the... 295

Fig. 5-47. Photographs showing geochemical exploration for surface soils: pitting... 296

Fig. 5-48. Comparision for concentrations of Cr, Ni and Fe between PXRF and... 301

Fig. 5-49. Comparision of analytical data between PXRF and ICP-AS... 302

Fig. 5-50. Diagram of Cr vs Ni showing correlationship of soil samples using by... 303

Fig. 5-51. Diagram of Cr vs Fe showing correlationship of soil samples using by... 303

Fig. 5-52. Diagram of Fe vs Ni showing correlationship of soil samples using by... 304

Fig. 5-53. Geochemical anomaly maps for Cr concentration for portable... 305

Fig. 5-54. Geochemical anomaly maps for Ni concentration for portable... 305

Fig. 5-55. Geochemical anomaly maps for Fe concentration for portable... 306

Fig. 5-56. Geochemical anomaly maps for Mn concentration for portable... 307

Fig. 5-57. Geological map and trench site in the study area. 308

Fig. 5-58. Photograph of the Backhoe Loaders of the JCB for excavating the... 308

Fig. 5-59. Photograph of the 1st trench for recognizing the chromite ore bodies... 309

Fig. 5-60. Photograph of the 2nd trench for recognizing the chromite... 310

Fig. 5-61. (a) & (b) Overview of the 2nd trench. (b) Photograph of the... 311

Fig. 5-62. Detailed grid map on the almost vertical plane of the trench section. Photo mosaic and detailed sketch map of the trench section. 312

Fig. 5-63. Photographs of the harzburgite. dunite and soil covered on the... 313

Fig. 5-64. Structural elements on the trench section, such as joints, veinlets,... 314

Fig. 5-65. (a) Portable XRF for the mineral analysis. (b), (c) & (d) Photograph... 315

Fig. 5-66. Detailed grid map and sketch in the range of 0 to 25 m on the trench section. 320

Fig. 5-67. Detailed grid map and sketch in the range of 26 to 50 m on the trench section. 321

Fig. 5-68. Detailed grid map and sketch in the range of 51 to 75 m on the trench section. 322

Fig. 5-69. Detailed grid map and sketch in the range of 76 to 100 m on the trench section. 323

Fig. 7-1. Mineral resources portal site 780

Fig. 7-2. The information of Fe-Mn mineralized area integrated google satellite... 782

Fig. 7-3. The infonnation of Au mineralized belt area integrated google satellite... 782

Fig. 7-4. Data of geophysical survey line integrated google satellite image and... 783

Fig. 7-5. Report of exploration of overseas mineral resources. (a) PDF format for... 783

Fig. 7-5. continued. (c) PDF format for the geological survey result of REE resources in... 784

Fig. 7-6. Japan JOGMEC's translated resources news articles 784

Fig. 8-1. The first Korea-Myanmar Economic cooperation committee 798