표제지

목차

요약문 3

SUMMARY 5

제1장 연구개발과제의 개요 21

제2장 국내외 기술개발 현황 24

1절. 산업용지(판지)의 원료 동향 24

1. 판지의 종류에 따른 원료 분석 24

2. 한국산업표준(KS)에 따른 폐지(waste paper, recovered fibers)의 종류 28

2절. 주요 농업부산물의 현황 및 제지산업 적용 사례 29

1. 농업부산물의 종류 및 현황 29

2. 농업부산물의 판지 적용 사례 30

제3장 연구개발수행 내용 및 결과 37

1절. 농업부산물을 이용한 신규 원료 개발 및 특성 평가 37

1. 주요 농업부산물의 화학적ㆍ물리적 특성 평가 37

2. 농업부산물 유기충전제 제조 및 기본 물성 평가 43

3. 농업부산물 유기충전제의 효과 분석 64

4. 농업부산물 펄프의 물리적 특성 평가 92

5. 농업부산물 펄프의 혼합에 따른 판지의 물성 변화 104

2절. 농업부산물로 제조된 신규 원료 적용을 위한 백판지 생산현장의 최적화 기술 개발 126

1. 농산물용 백판지 생산에 사용되는 천연펄프와 재생펄프의 특성 분석 126

2. 부착량 변화에 따른 백판지의 주요 물성변화 파악 137

3/2. 농업부산물을 이용한 백판지용 원료 선정 및 시제품 생산 151

4/3. 현장지료 조건에서 왕겨 유기충전제 기능성 평가 161

3절. 왕겨 유기충전제의 적용 가능성 평가를 위한 현장테스트 및 최적 스펙 선정 168

1. 왕겨 유기충전제 적용을 위한 현장테스트 168

2. 왕겨 유기충전제의 저장 특성 평가 및 최종 스펙 선정 177

제4장 목표달성도 및 관련분야에의 기여도 185

1절. 최종 목표 185

2절. 목표 달성도 186

3절. 관련분야에의 기여도 186

제5장 연구개발 성과 및 성과활용 계획 187

1. 연구개발 목표 및 성과 187

2. 특허 출원 및 등록 188

3. 논문 게제 및 학회 발표 189

(1) 논문 게제 실적 189

(2) 학회 발표 실적 192

4. 성과활용 계획 193

5. 수상 실적 194

제6장 연구개발과정에서 수집한 해외과학기술정보 196

1. 중국 특수지 공장(전 국일제지) 방문 196

2. 포장 박람회(PROPAK CHINA 2014) 참관 197

가. Acepack (Packaging Machinery) 198

나. Yuanxupack (Yuanxupack AutoMachine) 199

다. NEWPACK(The Packaging Solution for Indian Ocean) 200

라. Cangzhou yuhui food machinery 202

마. Boevan (Shanghai Boevan Packaging Machinery Co.,Ltd) 203

2. Horizontal Packager (Doypack Packager) 205

3. 상하이 농산물 포장 동향에 대한 시장 조사 206

제7장 참고문헌 208

Table 1.1. Annual production of papers and paperboards 22

Table 2.1. Commercial pulps used in paper industry 27

Table 2.2. Annual consumption of virgin pulps 27

Table 2.3. Annual consumption of recycled papers 27

Table 2.4. Classification of the contaminants exiting in recycled pulps 28

Table 2.5. Specifications of recycled pulps 29

Table 2.6. Annual production of agricultural byproducts 30

Table 2.7. Physical properties of duplexboard containing wood powder 31

Table 2.8. Effect of the addition of wood powder on bulk and steam consumption 32

Table 2.9. Chemical composition of rice husk fiber 35

Table 3.1. Major agricultural byproducts 38

Table 3.2. Chemical composition of major agricultural byproducts and other biomass 39

Table 3.3. Element analysis of the ash of agricultural byproducts 40

Table 3.4. Classification of rice husk organic filler 44

Table 3.5. Classification of peanut husk organic filler 44

Table 3.6. Classification of garlic stem organic filler 45

Table 3.7. Classification of agricultural byproduct organic fillers (rice husk R, peanut husk P, garlic stem G, wood powder WP) 65

Table 3.8. Kraft pulping conditions of various agricultural byproduct experiments 93

Table 3.9. Yield and reject of rice husk pulp as a function of pulping conditions 94

Table 3.10. Yield and reject of peanut husk pulp as a function of pulping conditions 94

Table 3.11. Yield and reject of garlic stem pulp as a function of pulping conditions 95

Table 3.12. Initial freeness of agriculture byproduct pulps and commercial pulp as a function of pulping conditions (mL CSF) 95

Table 3.13. Kraft pulping conditions of various agricultural byproduct pulps 104

Table 3.14. Pulp types and lists of measurement 127

Table 3.15. Paper grades for the analysis of physical properties 139

Table 3.16. Evaluation items for the evaluation of agricultural byproducts 153

Table 3.17. Evaluation of agricultural byproducts based on functionalities 154

Table 3.18. Evaluation of the raw material type for duplexboard production 155

Table 3.19. Average fiber length of organic fillers 158

Table 3.20. List of measurement in mill trial 168

Table 3.21. Diameters of rice husk organic filler used in first mill trial 172

Table 3.22. Diameters of rice husk organic filler used in second mill trial 173

Table 3.23. Results of second mill test 174

Table 3.24. Diameters of rice husk organic filler used in third mill trial 174

Table 3.25. Results of third mill test 175

Fig. 1.1. Development and expectations of this research 21

Fig. 1.2. Effect of the bulk on the reduction of recycled fibers (left) and steam (right) 23

Fig. 1.3. Annual road-map of this research 23

Fig. 2.1. Classification of paperboard grades 24

Fig. 2.2. Structure of three-ply solid bleached board 25

Fig. 2.3. Structure of white lined chipboard 25

Fig. 2.4. Structure of testliner 25

Fig. 2.5. Structure of wallpaper base 26

Fig. 2.6. Structure of plaster board 26

Fig. 2.7. Scanning electron micrographs of rice husk fibers 36

Fig. 3.1. Chemical composition measurements of agricultural byproducts 38

Fig. 3.2. Scanning electron micrographs of the outer part of rice husk 40

Fig. 3.3. Scanning electron micrographs of the inner part of rice husk 41

Fig. 3.4. Scanning electron micrographs of the outer part of peanut husk 41

Fig. 3.5. Scanning electron micrographs of the inner part of peanut husk 41

Fig. 3.6. Scanning electron micrographs of the outer part of garlic stem 42

Fig. 3.7. Scanning electron micrographs of the inner part of garlic stem 42

Fig. 3.8. Manufacture of the agricultural byproducts organic filler 44

Fig. 3.9. Particle size measurement 45

Fig. 3.10. Fiber length measurement 45

Fig. 3.11. Average particle size of rice husk organic filler 46

Fig. 3.12. Average particle size of peanut husk organic filler 47

Fig. 3.13. Average particle size of garlic stem organic filler 47

Fig. 3.14. Particle size distribution of rice husk organic filler 48

Fig. 3.15. Particle size distribution of peanut husk organic filler 48

Fig. 3.16. Particle size distribution of garlic stem organic filler 49

Fig. 3.17. Particle size distribution of wood powder organic filler 49

Fig. 3.18. Average fiber length of rice husk organic filler 50

Fig. 3.19. Fiber length distribution of rice husk organic filler (R all) 51

Fig. 3.20. Fiber length distribution of rice husk organic filler (R 60-100) 51

Fig. 3.21. Fiber length distribution of rice husk organic filler (R 100-200) 52

Fig. 3.22. Fiber length distribution of rice husk organic filler (R 200) 52

Fig. 3.23. Scanning electron micrographs of rice husk organic filler (R all) 53

Fig. 3.24. Scanning electron micrographs of rice husk organic filler (R 60-100) 53

Fig. 3.25. Scanning electron micrographs of rice husk organic filler (R 100-200) 54

Fig. 3.26. Scanning electron micrographs of rice husk organic filler (R 200) 54

Fig. 3.27. Average fiber length of peanut husk organic filler 55

Fig. 3.28. Fiber length distribution of peanut husk organic filler (R all) 55

Fig. 3.29. Fiber length distribution of peanut husk organic filler (R 60-100) 56

Fig. 3.30. Fiber length distribution of peanut husk organic filler (R 100-200) 56

Fig. 3.31. Fiber length distribution of peanut husk organic filler (R 200) 57

Fig. 3.32. Scanning electron micrographs of peanut husk organic filler (R all) 57

Fig. 3.33. Scanning electron micrographs of peanut husk organic filler (R 60-100) 58

Fig. 3.34. Scanning electron micrographs of peanut husk organic filler (R 100-200) 58

Fig. 3.35. Scanning electron micrographs of peanut husk organic filler (R 200) 58

Fig. 3.36. Average fiber length of garlic stem organic filler 59

Fig. 3.37. Fiber length distribution of garlic stem organic filler (R all) 60

Fig. 3.38. Fiber length distribution of garlic stem organic filler (R 60-100) 60

Fig. 3.39. Fiber length distribution of garlic stem organic filler (R 100-200) 61

Fig. 3.40. Fiber length distribution of garlic stem organic filler (R 200) 61

Fig. 3.41. Scanning electron micrographs of garlic stem organic filler (R all) 62

Fig. 3.42. Scanning electron micrographs of garlic stem organic filler (R 60-100) 62

Fig. 3.43. Scanning electron micrographs of garlic stem organic filler (R 100-200) 63

Fig. 3.44. Scanning electron micrographs of garlic stem organic filler (R 200) 63

Fig. 3.45. Diagram of the experiments 67

Fig. 3.46. Effect of agricultural byproduct organic filler (all grade) and wood powder on the bulk of handsheets 68

Fig. 3.47. Effect of agricultural byproduct organic filler (60-100 grade) and wood powder on the bulk of handsheets 69

Fig. 3.48. Effect of agricultural byproduct organic filler (100-200 grade) on the bulk of handsheets 69

Fig. 3.49. Effect of agricultural byproduct organic filler (200 grade) and wood powder on the bulk of handsheets 70

Fig. 3.50. Effect of agricultural byproduct organic filler (all grade) and wood powder on the breaking length of handsheets 70

Fig. 3.51. Effect of agricultural byproduct organic filler (60-100 grade) and wood powder on the breaking length of handsheets 71

Fig. 3.52. Effect of agricultural byproduct organic filler (100-200 grade) and wood powder on the breaking length of handsheets 71

Fig. 3.53. Effect of agricultural byproduct organic filler (200 grade) and wood powder on the breaking length of handsheets 72

Fig. 3.54. Effect of agricultural byproduct organic filler (all grade) and wood powder on the burst factor of handsheets 72

Fig. 3.55. Effect of agricultural byproduct organic filler (60-100 grade) and wood powder on the burst factor of handsheets 73

Fig. 3.56. Effect of agricultural byproduct organic filler (100-200 grade) and wood powder on the burst factor of handsheets 73

Fig. 3.57. Effect of agricultural byproduct organic filler (200 grade) and wood powder on the burst factor of handsheets 74

Fig. 3.58. Effect of agricultural byproduct organic filler (all grade) and wood powder on the compressive factor of handsheets 74

Fig. 3.59. Effect of agricultural byproduct organic filler (60-100 grade) and wood powder on the compressive factor of handsheets 75

Fig. 3.60. Effect of agricultural byproduct organic filler (100-200 grade) and wood powder on the compressive factor of handsheets 75

Fig. 3.61. Effect of agricultural byproduct organic filler (200 grade) and wood powder on the compressive factor of handsheets 76

Fig. 3.62. Evaluation of the reduced drying energy of paperboard 77

Fig. 3.63. Effect of wood powder (all grade) on evaporated moisture content 77

Fig. 3.64. Effect of wood powder (all grade) on drying energy reduction 78

Fig. 3.65. Effect of 3% agricultural byproduct organic filler (all grade) on evaporated moisture content 79

Fig. 3.66. Effect of 6% agricultural byproduct organic filler (all grade) on evaporated moisture content 79

Fig. 3.67. Effect of 9% agricultural byproduct organic filler (all grade) on evaporated moisture content 80

Fig. 3.68. Effect of 3% agricultural byproduct organic filler (all grade) on drying energy reduction 80

Fig. 3.69. Effect of 6% agricultural byproduct organic filler (all grade) on drying energy reduction 81

Fig. 3.70. Effect of 9% agricultural byproduct organic filler (all grade) on drying energy reduction 81

Fig. 3.71. Effect of 3% agricultural byproduct organic filler (60-100 grade) on evaporated moisture content 82

Fig. 3.72. Effect of 6% agricultural byproduct organic filler (60-100 grade) on evaporated moisture content 82

Fig. 3.73. Effect of 9% agricultural byproduct organic filler (60-100 grade) on evaporated moisture content 83

Fig. 3.74. Effect of 3% agricultural byproduct organic filler (60-100 grade) on drying energy reduction 83

Fig. 3.75. Effect of 6% agricultural byproduct organic filler (60-100 grade) on drying energy reduction 84

Fig. 3.76. Effect of 9% agricultural byproduct organic filler (60-100 grade) on drying energy reduction 84

Fig. 3.77. Effect of 3% agricultural byproduct organic filler (100-200 grade) on evaporated moisture content 85

Fig. 3.78. Effect of 6% agricultural byproduct organic filler (100-200 grade) on evaporated moisture content 85

Fig. 3.79. Effect of 9% agricultural byproduct organic filler (100-200 grade) on evaporated moisture content 86

Fig. 3.80. Effect of 3% agricultural byproduct organic filler (100-200 grade) on drying energy reduction 86

Fig. 3.81. Effect of 6% agricultural byproduct organic filler (100-200 grade) on drying energy reduction 87

Fig. 3.82. Effect of 9% agricultural byproduct organic filler (100-200 grade) on drying energy reduction 87

Fig. 3.83. Effect of 3% agricultural byproduct organic filler (200 grade) on evaporated moisture content 88

Fig. 3.84. Effect of 6% agricultural byproduct organic filler (200 grade) on evaporated moisture content 88

Fig. 3.85. Effect of 9% agricultural byproduct organic filler (200 grade) on evaporated moisture content 89

Fig. 3.86. Effect of 3% agricultural byproduct organic filler (200 grade) on drying energy reduction 89

Fig. 3.87. Effect of 6% agricultural byproduct organic filler (200 grade) on drying energy reduction 90

Fig. 3.88. Effect of 9% agricultural byproduct organic filler (200 grade) on drying energy reduction 90

Fig. 3.89. Fiber length of rice husk pulp as a function of pulping conditions 96

Fig. 3.90. Fiber width of rice husk pulp as a function of pulping conditions 97

Fig. 3.91. Fiber length of peanut husk pulp as a function of pulping conditions 97

Fig. 3.92. Fiber length of peanut husk pulp as a function of pulping conditions 98

Fig. 3.93. Fiber length of garlic stem pulp as a function of pulping conditions 98

Fig. 3.94. Fiber width of garlic stem pulp as a function of pulping conditions 99

Fig. 3.95. Scanning electron micrograph (left) and optical micrograph (right) of rice husk pulp at active alkali 20% and sulfidity 25% conditions 100

Fig. 3.96. Scanning electron micrograph (left) and optical micrograph (right) of rice husk pulp at active alkali 30% and sulfidity 30% conditions 100

Fig. 3.97. Scanning electron micrograph (left) and optical micrograph (right) of peanut husk pulp at active alkali 20% and sulfidity 25% conditions 101

Fig. 3.98. Scanning electron micrograph (left) and optical micrograph (right) of peanut husk pulp at active alkali 30% and sulfidity 30% conditions 101

Fig. 3.99. Scanning electron micrograph (left) and optical micrograph (right) of garlic stem pulp at active alkali 20% and sulfidity 25% conditions 102

Fig. 3.100. Scanning electron micrograph (left) and optical micrograph (right) of garlic stem pulp at active alkali 30% and sulfidity 30% conditions 102

Fig. 3.101. Micrograph of BCTMP 103

Fig. 3.102. Micrograph of OCC 103

Fig. 3.103. Scanning electron micrographs of rice husk pulp fibers at active alkali 20% and sulfidity 25% conditions 106

Fig. 3.104. Scanning electron micrographs of rice husk pulp fibers at active alkali 30% and sulfidity 30% conditions 107

Fig. 3.105. Scanning electron micrographs of peanut husk pulp fibers at active alkali 20% and sulfidity 25% conditions 107

Fig. 3.106. Scanning electron micrographs of peanut husk pulp fibers at active alkali 30% and sulfidity 30% conditions 108

Fig. 3.107. Scanning electron micrographs of garlic stem pulp fibers at active alkali 20% and sulfidity 25% conditions 108

Fig. 3.108. Scanning electron micrographs of garlic stem pulp fibers at active alkali 30% and sulfidity 30% conditions 109

Fig. 3.109. Scanning electron micrograph of KOCC fibers (×200) 109

Fig. 3.110. Scanning electron micrograph of KOCC fibers (×1000) 110

Fig. 3.111. Bulk of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 20% and sulfidity 25% conditions (A) 111

Fig. 3.112. Bulk of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 20% and sulfidity 35% conditions (B) 112

Fig. 3.113. Bulk of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 25% and sulfidity 35% conditions (C) 112

Fig. 3.114. Bulk of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 30% and sulfidity 20% conditions (D) 113

Fig. 3.115. Bulk of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 30% and sulfidity 30% conditions (E) 113

Fig. 3.116. Ash content of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 20% and sulfidity 25% conditions (A) 114

Fig. 3.117. Ash content of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 20% and sulfidity 35% conditions (B) 114

Fig. 3.118. Ash content of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 25% and sulfidity 35% conditions (C) 115

Fig. 3.119. Ash content of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 30% and sulfidity 20% conditions (D) 115

Fig. 3.120. Ash content of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 30% and sulfidity 30% conditions (E) 116

Fig. 3.121. Tensile strength of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 20% and sulfidity 25% conditions (A) 118

Fig. 3.122. Breaking length of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 20% and sulfidity 35% conditions (B) 118

Fig. 3.123. Breaking length of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 25% and sulfidity 35% conditions (C) 119

Fig. 3.124. Breaking length of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 30% and sulfidity 20% conditions (D) 119

Fig. 3.125. Breaking length of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 30% and sulfidity 30% conditions (E) 120

Fig. 3.126. Compressive strength of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 20% and sulfidity 25% conditions (A) 120

Fig. 3.127. Compressive strength of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 20% and sulfidity 35% conditions (B) 121

Fig. 3.128. Compressive factor of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 25% and sulfidity 35% conditions 121

Fig. 3.129. Compressive strength of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 30% and sulfidity 20% conditions 122

Fig. 3.130. Compressive factor of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 30% and sulfidity 30% conditions 122

Fig. 3.131. Burst strength of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 20% and sulfidity 25% conditions 123

Fig. 3.132. Burst strength of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 20% and sulfidity 35% conditions 123

Fig. 3.133. Burst strength of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 25% and sulfidity 35% conditions 124

Fig. 3.134. Burst strength of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 30% and sulfidity 20% conditions 124

Fig. 3.135. Burst strength of handsheet containing KOCC and agricultural byproduct pulps manufactured at active alkali 30% and sulfidity 30% conditions 125

Fig. 3.136. Freeness of commercial pulps 128

Fig. 3.137. Average fiber length of commercial pulps 128

Fig. 3.138. Fiber length distribution of BKP 129

Fig. 3.139. Fiber length distribution of BCTMP 129

Fig. 3.140. Fiber length distribution of white ledger 130

Fig. 3.141. Fiber length distribution of ONP 130

Fig. 3.142. Fiber length distribution of OCC 131

Fig. 3.143. Fines content of commercial pulps 131

Fig. 3.144. Micrographs of BKP 132

Fig. 3.145. Micrographs of BCTMP 132

Fig. 3.146. Micrographs of white ledger 132

Fig. 3.147. Micrographs of ONP 133

Fig. 3.148. Micrographs of OCC 133

Fig. 3.149. Ash content of commercial pulps 134

Fig. 3.150. Bulk of handsheets made of commercial pulps 135

Fig. 3.151. Tensile strength of handsheets made of commercial pulps 135

Fig. 3.152. Compressive strength of handsheets made of commercial pulps 136

Fig. 3.153. Burst strength of handsheets made of commercial pulps 136

Fig. 3.154. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the bulk of SC 350 g/m² 139

Fig. 3.155. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the brightness of SC 350 g/m² 140

Fig. 3.156. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the Park print surf of SC 350 g/m² 140

Fig. 3.157. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the folding endurance (MD) of SC 350 g/m² 141

Fig. 3.158. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the folding endurance (CD) of SC 350 g/m² 141

Fig. 3.159. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the stiffness (MD) of SC 350 g/m² 142

Fig. 3.160. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the stiffness (CD) of SC 350 g/m² 142

Fig. 3.161. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the bulk of ACB 220 g/m² 143

Fig. 3.162. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the brightness of ACB 220 g/m² 144

Fig. 3.163. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the Park print surf of ACB 220 g/m² 144

Fig. 3.164. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the folding endurance (MD) of ACB 220 g/m² 145

Fig. 3.165. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the folding endurance (CD) of ACB 220 g/m² 145

Fig. 3.166. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the stiffness (MD) of ACB 220 g/m² 146

Fig. 3.167. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the stiffness (MD) of ACB 220 g/m² 146

Fig. 3.168. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the bulk of SC 450 g/m² 147

Fig. 3.169. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the brightness of SC 450g/m² 147

Fig. 3.170. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the Park print surf of SC 450 g/m² 148

Fig. 3.171. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the folding endurance (MD) of SC 450 g/m² 148

Fig. 3.172. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the folding endurance (CD) of SC 450 g/m² 149

Fig. 3.173. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the stiffness (MD) of SC 450 g/m² 149

Fig. 3.174. Basis weights of top and bottom layers as a function of the stiffness (CD) of SC 450 g/m² 150

Fig. 3.175. Flow diagram of the evaluation of agricultural byproducts 152

Fig. 3.176. Dryer for the production of organic filler 156

Fig. 3.177. Grinder for the production of organic filler 156

Fig. 3.178. Screens for the production of organic filler 157

Fig. 3.179. Rice husk for the production of organic filler 157

Fig. 3.180. Rice husk organic filler 158

Fig. 3.181. Relationship between fiber length and width of rice husk organic filler 158

Fig. 3.182. Relationship between fiber length and width of WP1 organic filler 159

Fig. 3.183. Relationship between fiber length and width of WP2 organic filler 159

Fig. 3.184. Scanning electron micrographs of rice husk organic filler 160

Fig. 3.185. Scanning electron micrographs of WP2 organic filler 160

Fig. 3.186. Effect of organic filler on the bulk of handsheets 163

Fig. 3.187. Effect of organic filler on the tensile strength of handsheets 163

Fig. 3.188. Effect of organic filler on the burst strength of handsheets 164

Fig. 3.189. Effect of organic filler on the compressive strength of handsheets 164

Fig. 3.190. Effect of rice husk organic filler on the evaporated moisture content of handsheets 165

Fig. 3.191. Effect of wood powder 1 organic filler on the evaporated moisture content of handsheets 166

Fig. 3.192. Effect of wood powder 2 organic filler on the evaporated moisture content of handsheets 166

Fig. 3.193. Effect of organic filler on the reduced drying energy requirement of handsheets 167

Fig. 3.194. Rice husk organic filler for mill tests 169

Fig. 3.195. Sampling of rice husk organic filler 169

Fig. 3.196. Air blower and pipe lines to rice husk organic filler chest 169

Fig. 3.197. Rice husk organic filler chest 170

Fig. 3.198. Structure of duplexboard 170

Fig. 3.199. Papermaking process of duplexboard 170

Fig. 3.200. Rice husk particles remaining on 60 mesh sieve 172

Fig. 3.201. Yield of rice husk organic filler fractionated by 60, 100, 200 mesh sieves 172

Fig. 3.202. Thermo-hygrostat and aging conditions 178

Fig. 3.203. Appearance and color of commercial wood powder(left), rice husk organic filler (middle), rice husk(right) before humid heating aging 179

Fig. 3.204. Appearance and color of commercial wood powder(left), rice husk organic filler (middle), rice husk(right) after 2 days of humid heating aging 179

Fig. 3.205. Appearance and color of commercial wood powder(left), rice husk organic filler (middle), rice husk(right) after 4 days of humid heating aging 179

Fig. 3.206. Appearance and color of commercial wood powder(left), rice husk organic filler (middle), rice husk(right) after 6 days of humid heating aging 180

Fig. 3.207. Appearance and color of commercial wood powder(left), rice husk organic filler (middle), rice husk(right) after 8 days of humid heating aging 180

Fig. 3.208. Appearance and color of commercial wood powder(left), rice husk organic filler (middle), rice husk(right) after 10 days of humid heating aging 180

Fig. 3.209. Appearance and color of commercial wood powder(left), rice husk organic filler (middle), rice husk(right) after 12 days of humid heating aging 181

Fig. 3.210. Appearance and color of commercial wood powder(left), rice husk organic filler (middle), rice husk(right) after 14 days of humid heating aging 181

Fig. 3.211. Appearance and color of commercial wood powder(left), rice husk organic filler (middle), rice husk(right) after 16 days of humid heating aging 181

Fig. 3.212. Appearance and color of commercial wood powder(left), rice husk organic filler (middle), rice husk(right) after 18 days of humid heating aging 182

Fig. 3.213. Appearance and color of commercial wood powder(left), rice husk organic filler (middle), rice husk(right) after 20 days of humid heating aging 182

Fig. 3.214. Magnified images of rice husk after 20 days of humid heating aging 182

Fig. 3.215. Weight change of commercial wood powder, rice husk organic filler, rice husk during 20 days of humid heating aging 183

Fig. 3.216. Addition of rice husk organic filler in paperboard mill 184

Fig. 6.1. Pictures of KOOKIL PAPER (国一制纸(张家港)有限公司) 197

Fig. 6.2. Pictures of PROPAK CHINA 2014 198

Fig. 6.3. Packaging trends for agricultural products in Shanghai market 204