표제지

목차

국문 요약문 5

Abstract 7

제1장 연구개발과제 개요 10

제2장 연구개발과제의 목적 및 필요성 14

제1절 연구개발과제의 목표 15

1. 연구의 필요성 15

2. 연구개발과제의 목표 19

3. 국내·외 관련 기술개발 현황 20

제3장 연구개발과제의 주요내용 및 결과 24

제1절 방염처리 한 목조문화재 현황 조사 및 영향 연구 25

1. 방염처리 목조문화재에 대한 연차별 경과변화 조사 25

2. 방염제로 인해 발생된 백화물질 및 표면 오염물 연구 30

제2절 방염제의 방염성능 평가와 목재 및 단청에 미치는 영향 연구 44

1. 방염제의 시간경과에 따른 방염성능 분석 44

2. 방염제가 목재에 미치는 영향 분석 47

3. 국제학술회의 참석 및 해외목재 방염처리 기술 사례연구 60

4. 방염제가 단청에 미치는 영향 분석 65

제3절 단청안료에 적용 가능한 방염제 검정기준 개발 88

1. 현재 목조문화재 단청에 사용되는 방염제 검정기준 보완 88

2. 천연안료와 방염제의 반응특성 연구 95

제4절 목조문화재 방염처리 지침 및 관리 매뉴얼 개발 108

1. 공간적, 시간적 환경 조건에 따른 방염처리 기준 조사 108

2. 단청 및 목재 손상방지를 위한 방염제 도포기준 연구 122

3. 목조문화재 방염처리 관리 매뉴얼 개발 127

제4장 연구개발과제 종합결론 129

제1절 방염처리 한 목조문화재 현황 조사 및 영향 연구 130

1. 방염처리 목조문화재에 대한 연차별 경과변화 조사 130

2. 방염처리 단청문화재 발생 백화물질 및 표면 오염물 연구 130

제2절 방염제의 방염성능 평가와 목재 및 단청에 미치는 영향 연구 131

1. 방염제의 시간경과에 따른 방염성능 분석 131

2. 방염제가 목재에 미치는 영향 분석 131

3. 방염제가 단청에 미치는 영향 분석 132

제3절 단청안료에 적용 가능한 방염제 검정기준 개발 132

1. 현재 목조문화재 단청에 사용되는 방염제 검정기준 보완 132

2. 천연안료와 방염제의 반응특성 연구 133

제4절 목조문화재 방염처리 지침 및 관리 매뉴얼 개발 133

1. 공간적, 시간적 환경 조건에 따른 방염처리 기준 조사 133

2. 단청 및 목재 손상방지를 위한 방염제 도포기준 연구 134

3. 목조문화재 방염처리 관리 매뉴얼 개발 134

제5장 정책제언 135

1. 문화재수리표준시방서 개정 136

2. 전통기법으로 복원되는 목조건축 대상 방염제 추가연구 136

3. 방염제 도포대상 범위 규정 136

4. 단청 표준시료 제작을 위한 시스템 필요 136

참고문헌 143

Table 1. Application status of fame retardant 16

Table 2. List of investigation for spreading a flame retardant 26

Table 3. C, H, N analysis of flame retardant A, B 40

Table 4. Changes of characteristic about fire retardants of before and after the experiment 45

Table 5. Exhausted gases, oxygen demand, percentage of mass loss of flame retardant for cultural heritage. 56

Table 6. FRA's condition : laboratory animals of flame retardant gas hazard test 58

Table 7. Result of flame retardant gas hazard test 58

Table 8. FRB's condition : laboratory animals of flame retardant gas hazard test 58

Table 9. Result of flame retardant gas hazard test 58

Table 10. Sample's conditions about judgement pass of flame retardant license standard 59

Table 11. Mixture ratio of binder and pigments 65

Table 12. Comparison Between Control and Experimental samples 68

Table 13. Scan Image of Specimens before and after flame retardant application 72

Table 14. Depth of Penetration of flame retardant A for the animal glue and porisol 506 75

Table 15. Depth of Penetration of flame retardant A by volume 76

Table 16. FRB and inorganic pigment' s interaction 79

Table 17. Dry way for Applying or mix sample of binder and flame retardant 80

Table 18. Mixed sample of binder and flame retardant 81

Table 19. Flame Retardants Appling Samples on the Dried Binder Film 81

Table 20. Applied method of flame retardant A, B 85

Table 21. Comparison of Glue sample between before and 6 month after exposure 87

Table 22. Comparison of Polysol sample between before and after exposure 88

Table 23. Liquid Flame retardant of Wooden Cultural Heritage revised probation criteria 90

Table 24. Mixture ratio of natural and inorganic pigments 95

Table 25. Sample features after 45° flame retardant performance test 97

Table 26. XRF result of Seokchung 98

Table 27. XRF result of Seokrock 99

Table 28. XRF result of Realgar 100

Table 29. XRF result of Jeoseok 100

Table 30. XRF result of Daeja 101

Table 31. XRF result of Chunghwa 102

Table 32. XRF result of Yeonji 103

Table 33. XRF result of Deunghwang 103

Table 34. XRF result of noerok 104

Table 35. Sample changes aspects of the environmental changes 111

Table 36. Comparison of Whitening according to Application of Flame Retardant in inland 112

Table 37. Comparison of Colored condition about Standard Specification method 113

Table 38. Discoloration Comparison of Traditional and Reappearance specimen in inland 114

Table 39. Applied after Flame Retardants problem of inland 115

Table 40. Comparison of Whitening according to application of Flame Retardant 116

Table 41. Transition Comparison of Colored Condition with Standard Specification method 117

Table 42. Comparison of Traditional and Reappearance method with FRB in seaside 118

Table 43. Comparison of Dissolution according to Application condition in seaside 118

Table 44. Applied after Flame Retardants problem of seaside 119

Table 45. Meteorological data of inland 120

Table 46. Meteorological data of seaside 120

Table 47. Liquid flame retardant of Wooden Cultural Heritage revised application business guidance 123

Figure 1. Whitening of Wooden Cultural Properties after applied flame retardant. 17

Figure 2. Influence the thickness of the plate material on the carbide area. 22

Figure 3. Findings change according to the type of flame retardant and duration. 30

Figure 4. Damaging type after the treatment of flame retardants such as wetting and whitening in house built with used timbers of royal tomb of Dong-gu. 31

Figure 5. Changes in the moisture content of the wood surface wetting area according to a time. 32

Figure 6. X-ray Diffraction Pattern of Oyster shell white. 34

Figure 7. IR spectrum of Oyster shell white. 34

Figure 8. X-ray Diffraction Pattern of Chrome Yellow. 35

Figure 9. IR spectrum of Chrome Yellow. 35

Figure 10. X-ray Diffraction Pattern of Ultramarine Blue. 35

Figure 11. IR spectrum of ultramarine Blue. 35

Figure 12. X-ray Diffraction Pattern of Lead Red. 35

Figure 13. IR spectrum of Lead Red. 35

Figure 14. X-ray Diffraction Pattern of Iron Oxide Yellow. 36

Figure 15. IR spectrum of Iron Oxide Yellow. 36

Figure 16. X-ray Diffraction Pattern of Cyanine Green. 36

Figure 17. IR spectrum of Cyanine Green. 36

Figure 18. X-ray Diffraction Pattern of Titanium dioxide. 36

Figure 19. IR spectrum of Titanium dioxide. 36

Figure 20. X-ray Diffraction Pattern of Toluidine red. 37

Figure 21. IR spectrum of toluidine red. 37

Figure 22. X-ray diffraction pattern of iron oxide red. 37

Figure 23. IR spectrum of iron oxide red. 37

Figure 24. X-ray Diffraction pattern of Carbon Black. 37

Figure 25. IR spectrum of carbon black. 37

Figure 26. X-ray Diffraction pattern of Emerald green. 38

Figure 27. IR spectrum of emerald green. 38

Figure 28. X-ray Diffraction Pattern of Chrome oxide green. 38

Figure 29. IR spectrum of chrome oxide green. 38

Figure 30. X-ray Diffraction Pattern of Cobalt blue. 38

Figure 31. IR spectrum of Cobalt blue. 38

Figure 32. X-ray diffraction pattern of permanent yellow 5G. 39

Figure 33. IR specrum of permanent yellow 5G. 39

Figure 34. X-ray diffraction pattern of permanent orange G. 39

Figure 35. IR spectrum of permanent orange G. 39

Figure 36. Comparison of IR spetra of flame retardent #A for dancheong/Bongseonsa. 41

Figure 37. Comparison of IR spetra of flame retardent #B for dancheong/Bongseonsa. 41

Figure 38. TGA analysis of the flame retardant A. 42

Figure 39. TGA analysis of the flame retardant B. 42

Figure 40. Chemical analysis of whitening parts. 42

Figure 41. Sampling of whitening materials on wooden materials. 42

Figure 42. Type of whitening on surface of Dancheong. 43

Figure 43. Changes of heat release after weathering test on flame retardant A. 46

Figure 44. Changes of heat release after weathering test on flame retardant B. 46

Figure 45. Total heat release after weathering test on flame retardant A. 46

Figure 46. Total heat release after weathering test on flame retardant B. 46

Figure 47. Picture of microscope about carbide surface of fire retardant A. 47

Figure 48. Picture of microscope about carbide surface of fire retardant B. 47

Figure 49. Total heat release rate of wood applied on flame retardant for cultural heritage. 49

Figure 50. Heat release rate of wood applied on flame retardant for cultural heritage. 49

Figure 51. Heat release rate of wood applied on flame retardant 49

Figure 52. Total heat release rate of wood applied on flame retardant. 49

Figure 53. Heat emissions ratio of FRA 50

Figure 54. Heat emissions ratio of FRB 50

Figure 55. Total amount Heat emissions of FRA 51

Figure 56. Total amount Heat emissions of FRB 51

Figure 57. Heat emissions ratio of FRA 51

Figure 58. Heat emissions ratio of FRB 51

Figure 59. Total amount Heat emissions of FRA 51

Figure 60. Total amount Heat emissions of FRA 51

Figure 61. LOI of samples applied FRA. 53

Figure 62. LOI of samples applied FRB. 53

Figure 63. Hygroscopic of flame retardant for wood applied on flame retardant for cultural heritage. 55

Figure 64. Influence of microbial for wood applied on flame retardant for cultural heritage. 55

Figure 65. Evaluation of white ant resistant. 55

Figure 66. Total amount gas emissions of samples applied FRA. 57

Figure 67. Total amount gas emissions of samples applied FRB. 57

Figure 68. Result of Flame retardant probation guidelines Acceptance test. 60

Figure 69. Presentation in University of Tennessee. 61

Figure 70. Discussion in Nisus Corporation. 62

Figure 71. Seminar in Arch Wood Protection Inc. 63

Figure 72. Presentation at The 46th annual meeting of IRGWP. 64

Figure 73. Attendance at The 46th annual meeting of IRGWP. 64

Figure 74. Poster presentation at The 46th annual meeting of IRGWP. 64

Figure 75. Pictures of painted samples. 66

Figure 76. Cyclic wet and dry testing. 67

Figure 77. Surface condition change of the oyster shell white samples by flame.... 70

Figure 78. Microscopic change of the oyster shell white samples by flame... 71

Figure 79. Surface condition change of the lead red samples by flame retardants;... 71

Figure 80. Microscopic change of thelead red samples by flame retardants; D.I... 71

Figure 81. Analyzing the XRD pattern of the painted samples. 73

Figure 82. XRD patterns of the control(Standard) and the test sample(Sample). 73

Figure 83. IR spectra of the control(standard) and the test sample(Sample). 73

Figure 84. XRD patterns of the control(Standard) and the test sample(Sample). 74

Figure 85. IR spectra of the control(standard) and the test sample(Sample). 74

Figure 86. Oyster Shell White: FRA/Control Group. 78

Figure 87. Compare FRA reaction product and Calcium Phosphate Tribasic(Ca3(PO4)2). 78

Figure 88. IR Spectrum of sample about application FRA on glue between before and after UV-hydration/dehydration. 82

Figure 89. IR Spectrum of sample about application FRB on glue between before and after UV-hydration/ dehydration. 82

Figure 90. IR Spectrum of sample about application FRA on Polysol between before and after UV-hydration/dehydration. 82

Figure 91. IR Spectrum of sample about application FRB on Polysol between before and after UV-hydration/dehydration. 82

Figure 92. Wood Samples for outside weathering test. 84

Figure 93. Put the test materials. 85

Figure 94. Weathering testing. 86

Figure 95. Flame retardant performance of the natural pigments and flame retardant samples. 96

Figure 96. infrared spectrum of Seokchung. 98

Figure 97. XRD spectrum of Seokchung. 98

Figure 98. infrared spectrum of Seokrock. 99

Figure 99. XRD spectrum of Seokrock. 99

Figure 100. Infrared spectrum of Eunghwang. 99

Figure 101. XRD spectrum of Eunghwang. 99

Figure 102. Infrared spectrum of jeoseok. 100

Figure 103. XRD spectrum of jeoseok. 100

Figure 104. Infrared spectrum of Daeja. 101

Figure 105. XRD spectrum of Daeja. 101

Figure 106. Infrared spectrum of Chunghwa. 102

Figure 107. XRD spectrum of Chunghwa. 102

Figure 108. Infrared spectrum of yeonji. 102

Figure 109. XRD spectrum of yeonji. 102

Figure 110. Infrared spectrum of deunghwang. 103

Figure 111. XRD spectrum of deunghwang. 103

Figure 112. Infrared spectrum of noerok. 104

Figure 113. XRD spectrum of noerok. 104

Figure 114. Result of reaction between natural pigments and flame retardant. 106

Figure 115. Samples furnish in the sunny spot of inland. 109

Figure 116. Samples furnish in the sunny spot of seaside. 109

Figure 117. Application of Flame retardant. 110

Figure 118. Measurement After Application. 110

Figure 119. Whitening of inland. 112

Figure 120. Whitening of seaside. 116

Figure 121. The creation of bleaching due to chemical reaction of Calcium grid pigment and N grid flame retardant. 121

Figure 122. 「Guidelines and Management Manual for Application of Flame Retardant on Historical Wooden Building」. 128