[표지]

제출문

요약문

Abbreviation

목차

제1장 서론 28

제2장 조사대상 및 시료채취 방법 38

제1절 조사대상 40

1. 조사대상물질 40

2. 조사대상 정수장 및 시료채취 방법 40

제2절 시료채취 및 보존방법 46

1. 휘발성 유기물질 46

2. 염소소독부산물 46

3. 준휘발성 유기물질 (농약, 페놀, 다환방향족 탄화수소 등) 및 산성농약 46

4. 무기금속 및 무기이온 47

5. 알킬페놀류 및 호르몬류 47

6. 의약물질 및 의약물질 대사체, 과불화화합물 47

7. 나이트로스아민 47

제3장 조사대상물질의 분석방법 50

제1절 휘발성 유기물질 (3종) 53

제2절 프로필렌 옥사이드 (1종) 63

제3절 염소소독부산물 (4종) 72

제4절 할로아세트산 (1종) 82

제5절 산성농약 (2종) 93

제6절 준휘발성 유기물질 (농약류, 페놀류, 다환방향족 탄화수소, 프탈레이트 및 아디페이트) (9종) 104

제7절 무기금속 (4종) 116

제8절 무기이온 (2종) 122

제9절 알킬페놀류 (3종) 128

제10절 의약물질 (11종) 및 대사체 (5종) 138

제11절 과불화화합물 (8종) 155

제12절 나이트로스아민 (8종) 166

제13절 호르몬류 (2종) 175

제4장 정수장 수돗물의 미량유해물질 함유실태 조사 결과 186

제1절 우선관찰대상 유해항목 (23종) 188

1. 휘발성 유기물질 (2종) 188

2. 프로필렌 옥사이드 (1종) 189

3. 준휘발성 유기물질 (농약, 다환방향족 탄화수소, 프탈레이트 및 아디페이트, 4종) 194

4. 무기금속 (4종) 196

5. 무기이온 (2종) 200

6. 나이트로스아민 (8종) 203

7. 호르몬류 (2종) 209

제2절 먹는물 수질 모니터링 후보항목 (13종) 213

1. 염소소독부산물 (4종) 213

2. 할로아세트산 (1종) 218

3. 산성농약 (2종) 222

4. 페놀류 (4종) 226

5. 알킬페놀류 (2종) 228

제3절 신규유해항목 (27종) 232

1. 의약물질 및 대사체 (16종) 232

2. 과불화화합물 (8종) 245

3. 신규 하천수 기준항목 등 (3종) 249

제4절 원수·정수 함유실태조사 결과요약 251

제5장 위해도 평가 258

제1절 위해도 평가 연구방법 260

제2절 위해도 평가 연구결과 265

제6장 조사대상 미량유해물질 정보의 데이터베이스화 301

제1절 조사대상 미량유해물질 정보의 데이터베이스화 303

제2절 조사대상 미량유해물질 시험방법 및 분석결과 데이터베이스화 313

제7장 수돗물 중 미규제물질 모니터링 체계 합리적 구죽 방안 제시 330

제1절 1-3 사업단계 모니터링 체계 고찰 332

제2절 4단계(2012 -) 우리나라 먹는물 중 미규제 물질 관리를 위한 모니터링 체계 현황 338

제3절 향후 먹는물 미규제 물질 모니터링 조사사업의 연구구축 방향 제언 340

제8장 결론 344

참고문헌 352

부록 364

I. 연도별 조사물질 목록 (1992 - 2015) 366

II. 각 정수장별 수처리제 사용 현황 및 수온 392

III. 조사항목별 함유실태조사 결과 402

IV. WHO 음용수 수질 지침 (2011) 593

V. 미국의 먹는물 규제기준 및 건강권고치 (2012) 594

VI. 일본의 먹는물 규제기준 (2016) 595

VII. 캐나다의 먹는물 규제기준 (2014) 596

VIII. 호주의 먹는물 규제기준 (2013) 597

Table 1. Drinking water standard values in Korea 34

Table 2. Recommendation values and standard or observation compounds of drinking... 35

Table 3. Guideline values of observation compounds of drinking water in Korea 36

Table 4. List of monitoring compounds in 2015 41

Table 5. Water purification plant and sampling dates in 2015-2016 44

Table 6. Sampling method for each chemical group 49

Table 7. Classification of hazardous chemicals according to sample preparation and ana-... 52

Table 8. GC_MS operating conditions for volatile organic compounds 58

Table 9. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of volatile organic com-... 62

Table 10. Results of accuracy and precision of volatile organic compounds 62

Table 11. Headspace parameters for propylene oxide 67

Table 12. GC-MS operating conditions for propylene oxide 68

Table 13. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of propylene oxide 71

Table 14. Results of accuracy and precision of propylene oxide 71

Table 15. GC-MS operating conditions for chlorination disinfection by-products 76

Table 16. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of chlorination dis-... 81

Table 17. Results of accuracy and precision of chlorination disinfection by-products 81

Table 18. GC-MS operating conditions for haloacetic acids 87

Table 19. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of bromochloroacetic... 92

Table 20. Results of accuracy and precision of bromochloroacetic acid 92

Table 21. GC-MS operating conditions for acidic pesticides 98

Table 22. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of acidic pesticide 103

Table 23. Results of accuracy and precision of acidic pesticide 103

Table 24. GC-MS operating conditions for semi volatile organic compounds 110

Table 25. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of semi volatile organic... 115

Table 26. Results of accuracy and precision of semi volatile organic compounds 115

Table 27. ICP-MS operating conditions for inorganic metals 119

Table 28. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of inorganic metals 121

Table 29. Results of accuracy and precision of inorganic metals 121

Table 30. Ion chromatograph operating conditions for chlorate 124

Table 31. Ion chromatograph operating conditions for perchlorate 124

Table 32. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of inorganic ions 127

Table 33. Results of accuracy and precision of inorganic ions 127

Table 34. GC-MS operating conditions for alkylphenols 133

Table 35. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of alkylphenols 137

Table 36. Results of accuracy and precision of alkylphenols 137

Table 37. HPLC operating conditions for PPCPs and its metabolites 147

Table 38. MS/MS operating conditions for PPCPs and its metabolites 147

Table 39. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of PPCPs and... 153

Table 40. Results of accuracy and precision of PPCPs and its metabolites... 153

Table 41. Extraction recovery of PPCPs and metabolites 154

Table 42. HPLC operating conditions for perfluorinated compounds 158

Table 43. MS/MS operating conditions for perfluorinated compounds 159

Table 44. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of perfluorinated com-... 164

Table 45. Results of accuracy and precision of perfluorinated compounds 165

Table 46. GC-MS/MS operating conditions for N-nitrosamines 170

Table 47. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of N-nitrosamines 174

Table 48. Results of accuracy and precision of N-nitrosamines 174

Table 49. GC-MS operating conditions for estrogens 180

Table 50. Typical standard calibration data and detection limits of estrogens 184

Table 51. Results of accuracy and precision of estrogens 184

Table 52. Analytical results of volatile organic compounds in treated and raw water 190

Table 53. Results of duplicate analysis for volatile organic compounds 191

Table 54. Results of duplicate analysis for propylene oxide 193

Table 55. Analytical results of PAH, phthalate, adipate and pesticide in treated and raw water 195

Table 56. Analytical results of inorganic metals in treated and raw water 198

Table 57. Results of duplicate analysis for inorganic metals 199

Table 58. Analytical results of inorganic ions in treated and raw water 201

Table 59. Results of duplicate analysis for inorganic ions 202

Table 60. Analytical results of N-nitrosamines in treated and raw water 206

Table 61. Results of duplicate analysis for N-nitrosamines 207

Table 62. Analytical results of estrogens in treated and raw water 210

Table 63. Results of duplicate analysis for estrogens 211

Table 64. Analytical results of chlorination disinfection by-product in treated and raw water. 216

Table 65. Results of duplicate analysis for chlorination disinfection by-products 217

Table 66. Analytical results of bromochloroacetic acid in treated and raw water 219

Table 67. Results of duplicate analysis for bromochloroacetic acid 220

Table 68. Analytical results of acidic pesticides in treated and raw water 223

Table 69. Results of duplicate analysis for acidic pesticides 224

Table 70. Analytical results of phenols in treated and raw water 227

Table 71. Analytical results of alkylphenols in treated and raw water 229

Table 72. Results of duplicate analysis for alkylphenols and pentachlorophenol 230

Table 73. Analytical results of PPCPs and its metabolites in treated and raw water 240

Table 74. Results of duplicate analysis for PPCPs and its metabolites 241

Table 75. Analytical results of PFCs in treated and raw water 247

Table 76. Results of duplicate analysis for perfluorinated compounds 248

Table 77. Analytical results of new stream water criteria compounds in treated and raw water 250

Table 78. Analysis results of detected compounds in raw water samples 252

Table 79. Analysis results of detected compounds in drinking water samples 255

Table 80. Guidance in GEMS/Food-EURO (1995) 261

Table 81. 63 compounds of detection rate 265

Table 82. Information of carcinogen group and dose-response assessment 270

Table 83. Human exposure dose and Excess Cancer Risks(ECR) of carcinogens for... 273

Table 84. Excess Cancer Risk(ECR) distributions of carcinogens for priority monitoring list 275

Table 85. Human exposure dose and Hazard Quotient(HQ) of non-carcinogens for... 276

Table 86. Hazard Quotient(HQ) distributions of non-carcinogens for priority monitoring... 278

Table 87. Human exposure dose and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals(EDCs) for... 280

Table 88. Human exposure dose and Excess Cancer Risks(ECR) of carcinogens for... 281

Table 89. Human exposure dose and Hazard Quotient(HQ) of non-carcinogens for... 282

Table 90. Hazard Quotient(HQ) distributions of non-carcinogens for monitoring concern... 283

Table 91. Human exposure dose and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals(EDCs) for mon-... 284

Table 92. Endocrine Distrupting Chemicals(EDCs) distributions for monitoring concern... 284

Table 93. Human exposure dose and Margin of Exposure(MOE) for monitoring con-... 285

Table 94. Margin of Exposure(MOE) distributions for monitoring concern contaminants list 285

Table 95. Human exposure dose and Excess Cancer Risks(ECR) of carcinogens for ear-... 286

Table 96. Human exposure dose and Hazard Quotient(HQ) of non-carcinogens for... 287

Table 97. Hazard Quotient(HQ) distributions of non-carcinogens for early pollutant list 289

Table 98. Human exposure dose and Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals(EDCs) for early... 291

Table 99. Human exposure dose and Margin of Exposure(MOE) for early pollutant list 292

Table 100. Margin of Exposure (MOE) distributions for early pollutant list 292

Table 101. Not classified compounds for early pollutant list 293

Table 102. Guideline for mitrosamins in drinking water 296

Table 103. Proposals of new monitoring guidelines for several drinking water monitor-... 299

Table 104. Source and toxicity of trace hazardous compounds 304

Table 105. Guideline value of trace hazardous compounds in drinking water 309

Table 106. Analytical method for trace hazardous compounds 314

Table 107. Sampling method for trace hazardous compounds 315

Table 108. Analytical results from 1992 to 2015 in drinking water 318

Table 109. Analytical methods for each compound 335

Fig. 1. Surveyed water purification plant location. 42

Fig. 2. Scheme of sampling preparation. 43

Fig. 3. Structures of volatile organic compounds. 53

Fig. 4. Headspace-GC-MS total ion chromatograms of the extracts of spiked volatile... 54

Fig. 5. Mass spectra of volatile organic compounds. 54

Fig. 6. Headspace-GC-MS total ion chromatograms of the extracts of spiked volatile... 60

Fig. 7. Structures of propylene oxide. 63

Fig. 8. GC-MS total ion chromatogram of propylene oxide (10 ㎎/L) in scan mode (35... 64

Fig. 9. Mass spectra of propylene oxide. 64

Fig. 10. GC-MS total ion chromatograms of the extracts of spiked propylene oxide (200... 70

Fig. 11. Structures of chlorination disinfection by-products. 72

Fig. 12. GC-MS total ion chromatogram of the extracts of spiked chlorination dis-... 73

Fig. 13. Mass spectra of chlorination disinfection by-products. 73

Fig. 14. GC-MS total ion chromatograms of the extracts of spiked chlorination dis-... 80

Fig. 15. Structures of bromochloroacetic acid. 82

Fig. 16. GC-MS total ion chromatogram of the extracts of spiked haloacetic acid (10... 83

Fig. 17. Mass spectra of bromochloroacetic acid. 83

Fig. 18. GC-MS total ion chromatograms of the extracts of spiked haloacetic acid (20... 91

Fig. 19. Structures of dicamba and 2,4-D. 93

Fig. 20. GC-MS total ion chromatogram of the extracts of spiked trifluoroethoxy de-... 94

Fig. 21. Mass spectra of dicamba and 2,4-D. 94

Fig. 22. GC-MS total ion chromatograms of the extracts of spiked trifluoroethoxy de-... 102

Fig. 23. Structures of semi volatile organic compounds. 105

Fig. 24. GC-MS total ion chromatogram of the extracts of spiked semi volatile organic... 106

Fig. 25. Mass spectra of semi volatile organic compounds. 106

Fig. 26. GC-MS total ion chromatograms of the extracts of spiked semi-volatile organic... 114

Fig. 27. ICP-MS Periodic Table of Antimony, Nickel, Molybdenum, Barium. 116

Fig. 28. ICP-MS Isotope of Antimony, Nickel, Molybdenum, Barium. 116

Fig. 29. IC chromatograms of chlorate spiked water and blank. 126

Fig. 30. IC chromatograms of perchlorate spiked water and blank. 126

Fig. 31. Structures of alkylphenols. 128

Fig. 32. GC-MS total ion chromatogram of standard of alkylphenols (10 ㎍/L) in full... 129

Fig. 33. Mass spectra of standard of alkylphenols. 129

Fig. 34. GC-MS total ion chromatograms of standard of alkylphenols (20 ㎍/L) and... 136

Fig. 35. Structures of PPCPs and its metabolites. 139

Fig. 36. Group I LC?MS/MS chromatograms of the extracts of spiked PPCPs and me-... 140

Fig. 37. Group II LC-MS/MS chromatograms of the extracts of spiked metabolites 141

Fig. 38. Mass spectra of PPCPs and its metabolites. 142

Fig. 39. LC-MS/MS total ion chromatograms of the extracts of spiked PPCPs and its... 152

Fig. 40. LC-MS/MS total ion chromatograms of the extracts of the spiked perfluorinated... 163

Fig. 41. Structures of nitrosamines. 166

Fig. 42. GC-MS/MS chromatograms of the extracts of spiked N-nitrosamines and blank. 173

Fig. 43. Structures of estrogens. 175

Fig. 44. GC-MS total ion chromatogram of the extracts of spiked estrogens (10 ㎍/L) in full scan... 176

Fig. 45. Mass spectra of estrogens. 176

Fig. 46. GC-MS total ion chromatograms of extracts of estrogens (0.1 ㎍/L) and blank. 183

Fig. 47. Seasonal and regional monitoring results of N-nitrosamines in treated waters. 203

Fig. 48. Seasonal and regional monitoring results of CDBs in treated water. 214

Fig. 49. Seasonal and regional monitoring results of halocacetic acid in treated water. 218

Fig. 50. Seasonal and regional monitoring results of PPCPs in treated water. 232

Fig. 51. Seasonal and regional monitoring results of PFOS and PFOA in treated water. 245

Fig. 52. Flow chart for data collection of dose-response and toxicity effect data. 260

Fig. 53. Probability distribution values of weight and water ingestion 262

Fig. 54. Health risk assessment process through multi-pathways... 263

Fig. 55. Detection level of chemicals indrinking water(1) 267

Fig. 56. Detection level of chemicals indrinking water(2) 268

Fig. 57. Detection level of chemicals indrinking water(3) 268

Fig. 58. Comparison of carcinogen via priority monitoring list 274

Fig. 59. Comparison of non-carcinogen via priority monitoring list 277

Fig. 60. Comparison of non-carcinogen via monitoring concern contaminants list 282

Fig. 61. Comparison of carcinogen MOE via monitoring concern contaminants list 285

Fig. 62. Comparison of non-carcinogen via early pollutant list 288

Fig. 63. Comparison of carcinogen MOE via early pollutant list 292

Fig. 64. Comparison of detection rate and health risks for priority substances 294

Fig. 65. Dose-response relationships and drinking water guidelines of NDMA... 295

Fig. 66. Comparison of detection rate and health risks for monitoring priority substances 297

Fig. 67. Comparison of detection rate and health risks for new concerning substances 298

Fig. 68. Histograms and exceed rate over proposed new drinking water monitoring... 299

Fig. 69. Research objectives and contents in 2007-2011 years. 336

Fig. 70. Research strategies in 2007-2011 years. 337

Fig. 71. A work responsibility schedule for monitoring research of unregulated... 339

Fig. 72. Monitoring period for each step. 341

Scheme 1. Sample preparation procedure of volatile organic compounds. 57

Scheme 2. Sample preparation procedure of propylene oxide. 67

Scheme 3. Sample preparation procedure of chlorination disinfection by-products. 77

Scheme 4. Sample preparation procedure of haloacetic acids. 88

Scheme 5. Sample preparation procedure of acidic pesticides. 99

Scheme 6. Sample preparation procedure of semi volatile organic compounds. 111

Scheme 7. Sample preparation procedure of inorganic metals. 118

Scheme 8. Sample preparation procedure of inorganic ions. 123

Scheme 9. Sample preparation procedure of alkylphenols. 134

Scheme 10. Sample preparation procedure of PPCPs and its metabolites 149

Scheme 11. Sample preparation procedure of perfluorinated compounds. 160

Scheme 12. Sample preparation procedure of N-nitrosamines. 171

Scheme 13. Sample preparation procedure of estrogens. 181

Scheme 14. Schematic diagram for monitoring. 334