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OECD 교육지표 2016 한국어판을 내면서 / 류방란

목차

EDITORIAL(미래를 위한 건설) / Angel Gurría 16

INTRODUCTION : 지표와 구성체제 20

READER'S GUIDE 24

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 32

The education sustainable development goal 38

CHAPTER A. 교육기관의 산출 및 학습 효과(The Output of Educational Institutions and the Impact of Learning) 52

Indicator A1. 성인의 교육 이수(To what level have adults studied?) 53

A1.1. 교육 이수: 25-64세 인구(2016)(Educational attainment of 25-64 year-olds(2016)) 62

A1.2. 25-34세 교육 이수 추이(2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2016)(Trends in educational attainment of 25-34 year-olds(2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2016)) 63

A1.3. 25-64세 고등교육 이수자의 전공분야(2016)(Field of study among tertiary-educated 25-64 year-olds(2016)) 64

Indicator A2. 후기중등교육 졸업(Who is expected to graduate from upper secondary education?) 65

A2.1. 후기중등교육 졸업자 특징(2015)(Profile of upper secondary graduates from general and vocational programmes(2015)) 72

A2.2. 후기중등교육 및 중등후 비고등교육 졸업률(2015)(Upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary graduation rates(2015)) 73

A2.3. 후기중등교육 및 중등후 비고등교육 최초 졸업률 추이(2005, 2010, 2015)(Trends in upper secondary and post-secondary non-tertiary first-time graduation rates(2005, 2010 and 2015)) 74

Indicator A3. 고등교육 졸업(Who is expected to graduate from tertiary education?) 75

A3.1. 전공별 고등교육 졸업자 분포(2015)(Distribution of tertiary graduates by field of study(2015)) 84

A3.2. 고등교육 최초 졸업자 특징(2015)(Profile of a first-time tertiary graduate(2015)) 85

A3.3. 고등교육 단계별 최초 졸업률(2015)(First-time graduation rates, by tertiary level(2015)) 86

Indicator A4. 부모의 배경이 교육수준에 미치는 영향(To what extent does parents's education influence their children's educational attainment?) 87

A4.1. 프로그램별, 연령별, 부모 모두 고등교육 미이수한 성인의 고등교육 이수(2012 혹은 2015)(Tertiary attainment among adults whose parents both have less than tertiary educational attainment, by type of programme and age group(2012 or 2015)) 97

A4.2. 프로그램별, 연령별, 부모 중 한명 이상 고등교육 이수한 성인의 고등교육 이수(2012 혹은 2015)(Tertiary attainment among adults who have at least one parent who attained tertiary education, by type of programme and age group(2012 or 2015)) 98

A4.3. 성별, 연령별, 부모의 교육 수준별, A유형 고등교육 혹은 전문연구 프로그램 이수 가능성의 변동(2012 혹은 2015)(Changes in the likelihood of having a tertiary-type A or an advanced research programme degree, by gender, age group and parents' educational attainment(2012 or 2015)) 99

Indicator A5. 학력이 노동시장 참여에 미치는 영향(How does educational attainment affect participation in the labour market?) 101

A5.1. 교육수준별 25-64세 고용률(2016)(Employment rates of 25-64 year-olds, by educational attainment(2016)) 115

A5.2. 교육수준별 25-34세 고용률 추이(2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2016)(Trends in employment rates of 25-34 year-olds, by educational attainment(2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2016)) 116

A5.3. 전공별 고등교육을 이수한 25-64세 고용률(2016)(Employment rates of tertiary-educated 25-64 year-olds, by field of study(2016)) 117

A5.4. 교육수준별 25-34세 경제활동 상태(2016)(Employment, unemployment and inactivity rates of 25-34 year-olds, by educational attainment(2016)) 118

Indicator A6. 교육의 경제적 효과(What are the earnings advantages from education?) 119

A6.1. 교육수준별 근로자의 상대적 임금 지수(2015)(Relative earnings of workers, by educational attainment(2015)) 131

A6.2. 교육수준별 중위 소득 대비 임금 수준(2015)(Level of earnings relative to median earnings, by educational attainment (2015)) 132

A6.3. 교육수준별 연령별 남성과 여성 근로자간의 임금 격차(2015)(Differences in earnings between female and male workers, by educational attainment and age group(2015)) 133

Indicator A7. 교육투자에 대한 동기(What are the financial incentives to invest in education?) 135

A7.1a. 고등교육을 이수한 남성의 사적 순현재가치(2013)(Private costs and benefits for a man attaining tertiary education(2013)) 149

A7.1b. 고등교육을 이수한 여성의 사적 순현재가치(2013)(Private costs and benefits for a woman attaining tertiary education(2013)) 150

A7.2a. 고등교육을 이수한 남성의 공적 순현재가치(2013)(Public costs and benefits for a man attaining tertiary education(2013)) 151

A7.2b. 고등교육을 이수한 여성의 공적 순현재가치(2013)(Public costs and benefits for a woman attaining tertiary education(2013)) 152

A7.3a. 고등교육 수준별 고등교육을 이수한 남성의 사적/공적 순현재가치(2013)(Private/public costs and benefits for a man attaining tertiary education, by level of tertiary education(2013)) 153

A7.3b. 고등교육 수준별 고등교육을 이수한 여성의 사적/공적 순현재가치(2013)(Private/public costs and benefits for a woman attaining tertiary education, by level of tertiary education(2013)) 154

Indicator A8. 교육의 사회적 성과(How are social outcomes related to education?) 155

A8.1. 성별, 연령별, 교육수준별 우울증 보고 성인 비율(2014)(Percentage of adults who report having depression, by gender, age group and educational attainment(2014)) 167

A8.2. 고용상태별, 교육수준별 우울증 보고 성인 비율(2014)(Percentage of adults who report having depression, by labour-force status and educational attainment(2014)) 168

A8.3. 고용상태별, 교육수준별 우울증 보고 가능성 변동(2014)(Changes in the likelihood of reporting having depression, by educational attainment and labour force status(2014)) 169

Indicator A9. 후기중등교육 완수(How many students complete upper secondary education?) 171

A9.1. 프로그램 특성별, 성별 후기중등교육 완수율(2015)(Completion rate of upper secondary education, by programme orientation and gender(2015)) 183

A9.2. 프로그램 특성별, 법정 수학연한(N)과 이후 2년(N+2)별, 후기중등교육 입학자 분포(2015)(Distribution of entrants to upper secondary education, by programme orientation and outcomes after theoretical duration and after the theoretical duration plus two years(2015)) 184

CHAPTER B. 교육에 투자된 재정 및 인적자원(Financial and Human Resources Invested in Education) 186

교육비 유형(Classification of educational expenditure) 187

Indicator B1. 학생 1인당 공교육비(How much is spent per student?) 189

B1.1. 교육단계별 연간 학생 1인당 공교육비(2014)(Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services(2014)) 201

B1.2. 교육단계별 학생 1인당 연간 교육 핵심 서비스 비용, 부가서비스 비용 및 연구개발비(2014)(Annual expenditure per student by educational institutions for core educational services, ancillary services and R&D(2014)) 202

B1.3. 교육단계별 학생 1인당 공교육비 및 영향 요인 변화 추이(2008, 2011, 2014)(Change in expenditure per student by educational institutions for all services, relative to different factors by levels of education(2008, 2011, 2014)) 203

Indicator B2. GDP 대비 공교육비(What proportion of national wealth is spent on educational institutions?) 205

B2.1. 교육단계별 GDP 대비 공교육비 비율(2014)(Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP, by level of education(2014)) 213

B2.2. 교육단계별 GDP 대비 공교육비 비율 추이(2005, 2010-2014)(Trends in expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP, by level of education(2005, 2010 to 2014)) 214

B2.3. 재원별, 교육단계별 GDP 대비 공교육비 비율(2014)(Expenditure on educational institutions as a percentage of GDP, by source of funding and level of education(2014)) 215

Indicator B3. 정부부담과 민간부담 공교육비(How much public and private investment on educational institutions is there?) 217

B3.1a. 교육단계별 정부부담 공교육비와 민간부담 공교육비의 상대적 비중(2014)(Relative proportions of public and private expenditure on educational institutions, by level of education(2014)) 226

B3.1b. 교육단계별 정부부담 공교육비와 민간부담 공교육비의 세부요소의 상대적 비중(2014)(Relative proportions of disaggregated public and private expenditure on educational institutions, by level of education(2014)) 227

B3.2a. 초등, 중등, 중등후 비고등교육 단계에서 정부부담 공교육비의 상대적 비중 추이와 정부 및 민간부담 공교육비 변화지수(2005, 2008, 2011- 2014)(Trends in the relative proportion of public expenditure on educational institutions and index of change in public and private expenditure, at primary, secondary, post-secondary non-tertiary level(2005, 2008, 2011 to 2014)) 228

B3.2b. 고등교육 단계에서 정부부담 공교육비의 상대적 비중 추이와 정부 및 민간부담 공교육비 변화지수(2005, 2008, 2011-2014)(Trends in the relative proportion of public expenditure on tertiary educational institutions and index of change in public and private expenditure(2005, 2008, 2011 to 2014)) 229

Indicator B4. 총 정부부담 공교육비(What is the total public spending on education?) 231

B4.1. 총 정부부담 공교육비 비율(2014)(Total public expenditure on education(2014)) 239

B4.2. 초등에서 고등교육단계에서의 총 정부부담 공교육비 추이(2005, 2008, 2010-2014))(Trends in total public expenditure on primary to tertiary education(2005, 2008, 2010 to 2014)) 240

B4.3. 정부수준별 정부 재원의 출처 비중(2014)(Share of sources of public funds by level of government(2014)) 241

Indicator B5. 고등교육단계 학생의 등록금과 정부보조금(How much do tertiary students pay and what public support do they receive?) 243

B5.1. 고등교육단계 교육기관별 연간 평균 등록금 추정치(2015/16)(Estimated annual average tuition fees charged by tertiary educational institutions(2015/16)) 253

B5.3. 전공별, 교육기관 유형별 고등교육단계 평균 등록금(2015/16)(Average tuition fees charged by tertiary public and private institutions, by field of study(2015/16)) 255

B5.4. 학생에 대한 재정적 지원 분포(2015/16)(Distribution of financial support to students(2015/16)) 256

Indicator B6. 교육 서비스와 재원별 교육비 지출(On what resources and services is education funding spent?) 257

B6.1. 교육단계별 경상비와 자본비 비중(2014)(Share of current and capital expenditure by education level(2014)) 264

B6.2. 자원유형별 경상비(2014)(Current expenditure by resource category(2014)) 265

B6.3. 교육기관 유형별, 자원유형별 경상비 비중(2014)(Share of current expenditure by resource category and type of institution (2014)) 266

Indicator B7. 교육비 지출 수준에 영향을 미치는 요인(Which factors influence the level of expenditure on education?) 267

B7.1. 교육단계별 학생 1인당 교사 급여(2010, 2015)(Salary cost of teachers per student, by level of education(2010 and 2015)) 279

B7.2. 초등교육단계 학생 1인당 교사 급여에 대한 여러 요인의 기여도(2015)(Contribution of various factors to salary cost of teachers per student in primary education(2015)) 280

B7.3. 전기중등교육단계 학생 1인당 교사 급여에 대한 여러 요인의 기여도(2015)(Contribution of various factors to salary cost of teachers per student in lower secondary education(2015)) 281

CHAPTER C. 교육에의 접근·참여와 발달(Access to Education, Participation and Progression) 282

Indicator C1. 교육 참여자(Who participates in education?) 283

C1.1. 연령별 취학률(2005, 2015)(Enrolment rates by age group(2005 and 2015)) 292

C1.2. 15-20세 인구의 취학률(2005, 2015)(Students enrolled as a percentage of the population between the ages of 15 and 20(2005, 2015)) 293

C1.3. 프로그램 특성 및 연령별 후기중등교육 학생 비율(2015)(Enrolment in upper secondary education, by programme orientation and age group(2015)) 294

Indicator C2. 영유아교육 체제(How do early childhood education systems differ around the world?) 295

C2.1. 연령별 영유아교육 및 초등교육 취학률(2005, 2015)(Enrolment rates in early childhood and primary education, by age(2005 and 2015)) 306

C2.2. 영아교육 발달 프로그램과 유아교육의 특징(2015)(Characteristics of early childhood educational development programmes and pre-primary education(2015)) 307

C2.3. 영유아교육기관에 대한 지출(2014)(Expenditure on early childhood educational institutions(2014)) 308

Indicator C3. 고등교육 입학(Who is expected to enter tertiary education?) 309

C3.1. 전공별, 성별, 고등교육 최초 입학자 비중(2015)(Share of new entrants to tertiary education, by field of study and gender(2015)) 321

C3.2. 고등교육 최초 입학자의 특징(2015)(Profile of first-time entrants into tertiary education(2015)) 322

C3.3. 고등교육 단계별 최초 입학률(2015)(First-time entry rates, by tertiary level(2015)) 323

Indicator C4. 해외 유학생의 특성(What is the profile of internationally mobile students?) 325

C4.1. 고등교육단계 국제교류학생 이동과 외국인학생(2015)(International student mobility and foreign students in tertiary education(2015)) 341

C4.2. 전공별, 이동유형별 해외유학중인 고등교육단계 학생 비중(2015)(Share of tertiary students enrolled in broad fields of study, by mobility status(2015)) 342

C4.3. 외국인학생 및 국제교류학생의 이동 양상(2015)(Mobility patterns of foreign and international students(2015)) 343

Indicator C5. 교육에서 직업으로의 이동: 15-29세(Transition from school to work: where are the 15-29 year-olds?) 345

C5.1. 고용상태별 18-24세 인구의 교육 및 비교육 비율(2016)(Percentage of 18-24 year-olds in education/not in study, by work status(2016)) 354

C5.2. 연령별 청년의 교육 및 비교육(고용 및 비고용) 비율 추이(2000, 2005, 2010, 2015, 2016)(Trends in the percentage of young adults in education/not in education, employed or not, by age(2000, 2005, 2010, 2015 and 2016)) 355

Indicator C6. 성인의 교육 및 학습 참여(How many adults participate in education and learning?) 357

C6.1.a. 형식교육 및 비형식교육 참여(2012 혹은 2015)(Participation in formal and/or non-formal education(2012 or 2015)) 370

C6.1.b. 형식교육 및 비형식교육 참여 의지 및 장애요인(2012 혹은 2015)(Willingness to participate in formal and/or non-formal education and barriers to participation(2012 or 2015)) 371

C6.2.a. 연령별, 어린자녀 동거 여부별 형식교육 및 비형식교육 참여(2012 혹은 2015)(Participation in formal and/or non-formal education, by age group and whether there are young children in the household(2012 or 2015)) 372

C6.2.b. 성별, 어린자녀 동거 여부별 형식교육 및 비형식교육 참여(2012 혹은 2015)(Participation in formal and/or non-formal education, by gender and whether there are young children in the household(2012 or 2015)) 373

C6.3.a. 고용상태별, 자원봉사 참여 여부별 형식교육 및 비형식교육 참여(2012, 2015)(Participation in formal and/or non-formal education, by labour-force status and participation in volunteering activities(2012 or 2015)) 374

C6.3.b. 연령별, 자원봉사 참여 여부별 형식교육 및 비형식교육 참여(2012, 2015)(Participation in formal and/or non-formal education, by age group and participation in volunteering activities(2012 or 2015)) 375

CHAPTER D. 학습환경 및 학교조직(The Learning Environment and Organisation of Schools) 376

Indicator D1. 학생의 수업시간(How much time do students spend in the classroom?) 377

D1.1. 일반계 의무교육에서의 학습시간(2017)(Instruction time in compulsory general education(2017)) 390

D1.2. 일반계 의무교육의 구성(2017)(Organization of compulsory general education(2017)) 392

DI.3a. 초등교육단계 과목별 학습시간(2017)(Instruction time per subject in primary education(2017)) 393

DI.3b. 일반계 전기중등교육단계 과목별 학습시간(2017)(Instruction time per subject in general lower secondary education(2017)) 394

Indicator D2. 교사 1인당 학생 수와 학급당 학생 수(What is the student-teacher ratio and how big are classes?) 395

D2.1. 학교유형별 평균 학급당 학생 수(2015)(Average class size by type of institution(2015)) 403

D2.2. 교육단계별 교사 1인당 학생 수(2015)(Ratio of students to teaching staff in educational institutions(2015)) 404

D2.3. 학교유형별 교사 1인당 학생 수(2015)(Ratio of students to teaching staff, by type of institution(2015)) 405

Indicator D3. 교사의 급여(How much are teachers paid?) 407

D3.1a. 경력별 교사 법정급여(2015)(Teachers' statutory salaries, based on typical qualifications, at different points in teachers' careers(2015)) 425

D3.2a. 고등교육 이수 근로자 임금 대비 교사의 실질 급여(2015)(Teachers' actual salaries relative to wages of tertiary-educated workers(2015)) 427

D3.4. 연령별, 성별 교사 평균 실질 급여(2015)(Average actual teachers' salaries, by age group and by gender(2015)) 428

Indicator D4. 교사의 수업시간(How much time do teachers spend teaching?) 429

D4.1. 교사의 근무시간 구성(2015)(Organisation of teachers' working time(2015)) 441

D4.2. 연간 수업시간(2000, 2005, 2010, 2015)(Number of teaching hours per year(2000, 2005 to 2015)) 442

D4.3. 교육단계별 교사의 업무와 책무(2015)(Tasks and responsibilities of teachers, by level of education(2015)) 443

Indicator D5. 교사(Who are the teachers?) 445

D5.1. 교사의 연령분포(2005, 2015)(Age distribution of teachers(2005, 2015)) 452

D5.2. 교사의 성별 분포(2015)(Gender distribution of teachers(2015)) 453

D5.3. 교사의 성별 분포(2005, 2015)(Gender distribution of teachers(2005, 2015)) 454

Indicator D6. 고등교육 입학제도의 특징(What are the national criteria for students to apply to and enter into tertiary education?) 455

D6.1. 1차학위 고등교육단계 입학 제도의 구성(2017)(Organisation of the admission system to first-degree tertiary programmes(2017)) 466

D6.3. 1차학위 고등교육단계 입학 최소자격 및 학업성취요건-정부관점(2017)(Minimum qualification and academic performance requirements for entry into tertiary education(government perspective))(2017)) 468

D6.4. 1차학위 고등교육단계 입학 지원 절차(2017)(Application process for entry into first-degree tertiary programmes(2017)) 469

D6.5. 1차학위 고등교육단계 입학 시험의 활용(2017)(Use of examinations/tests to determine entry/admission into first degree tertiary programmes(2017)) 470

부록 1. 교육체제의 특성(Characteristics of Education Systems) 472

X1.1a. 교육단계별 통상적 졸업연령(2015)(Typical graduation ages, by level of education(2015)) 473

X1.1b. 교육단계별 통상적 입학연령(2015)(Typical age of entry by level of education(2015)) 475

X1.2a. OECD 회원국의 지표 산출을 위해 사용된 학년도와 회계연도(School year and financial year used for the calculation of indicators, OECD countries) 476

X1.2b. OECD 비회원국의 지표 산출을 위해 사용된 학년도와 회계연도(School year and financial year used for the calculation of indicators, partner countries) 477

X1.3. 의무교육을 받는 학생들의 시작연령 및 종료연령(2015)(Starting and ending age for students in compulsory education(2015)) 478

부록 2. 참고 통계(Reference Statistics) 480

X2.1. 기초 참고 통계(기준년도: 역년 2014, 2015)(Basic reference statistics(reference period: calendar year 2014 and 2015)) 481

X2.2. 기초 참고 통계(기준년도: 역년 2005, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 경상가격)(Basic reference statistics(reference period: calendar year 2005, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 current prices)) 482

X2.3. 기초 참고 통계(기준년도: 역년 2005, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2014 고정가격)(Basic reference statistics(reference period: calendar year 2005, 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013 in constant prices of 2014)) 483

X2.4a. 전형적 자격을 갖춘 교사의 경력별 법정 급여(2015)(Teachers' statutory salaries at different points in their careers, for teachers with typical qualification(2015)) 484

X2.4b. 최소 자격을 갖춘 교사의 경력별 법정 급여(2015)(Teachers' statutory salaries at different points in their careers, for teachers with minimum qualification(2015)) 486

X2.4c. 2000-2015년도 전형적 자격을 갖춘 교사 급여 추이(Trends in teachers' salaries between 2000 and 2015, for teachers with typical qualification) 488

X2.4d. 2000-2015년도 최소 자격을 갖춘 교사 급여 추이(Trends in teachers' salaries between 2000 and 2015, for teachers with minimum qualification) 492

X2.4e. 교사 급여 산출에 사용된 참고 통계(2000, 2005-2015)(Reference statistics used in calculating teachers' salaries(2000, 2005 to 2015)) 496

X2.4f. 자국 화폐 단위의 평균 실질 교사 급여(2000, 2005, 2010-2015)(Trends in average teachers' actual salaries, in national currency(2000, 2005, 2010to2015)) 497

X2.5. 자격별 15년 경력을 갖춘 교사(2015)(Teachers with 15 years of experience, by level of qualification(2015)) 499

X2.6. 최종학력별 유아교육, 초등교육, 전기중등교육, 후기중등교육 교사 비율(2015)(Percentage of pre-primary, primary, lower secondary and upper secondary teachers, by level of attainment(2015)) 500

부록 3. 출처, 방법론, 주석(Sources, Methods and Technical Notes) : www.oecd.org/education/education-at-a-glance-19991487.htm 참조 502

용어사전(Glossary) 504

관련 OECD 발간물(Related OECD Publications) 517

만든사람들 522

판권기 522