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Abstract 9
제1장 연구의 개요 20
제1절 연구 추진 배경 및 필요성 20
제2절 연구 추진 목적 21
제3절 연구 수행 방법 22
제4절 연구 추진 체계 23
제5절 연구원 업무 분담표 24
제6절 연구수행 결과 (3년) 종합 및 향후 계획 수립 25
1. 2015년 (담수어류 중 잔류성 유기오염물질의 축적성 연구 (Ⅳ)) 25
2. 2016년 (담수어류 중 잔류성 유기오염물질의 축적성 연구 (Ⅴ)) 25
3. 2017년 (담수어류 중 잔류성 유기오염물질의 축적성 연구 (Ⅵ)) 26
4. 2018~2020년도 (3년간) 향후 계획 도출 26
제2장 서론 27
제1절 연구 배경 및 필요성 27
1. PCNs (폴리염화나프탈렌) 27
2. SCCPs (단쇄염화파라핀) 29
3. PFASs (과불화합물) 31
제2절 연구대상물질의 국내ㆍ외 연구동향 35
1. PCNs (폴리염화나프탈렌) 35
2. SCCPs (단쇄염화파라핀) 37
3. PFASs (과불화합물) 40
제3장 연구내용 및 방법 43
제1절 과업의 범위 43
1. 대상 지역 43
2. 대상 시료 44
3. 분석대상 화학종 44
제2절 연구 내용 47
제3절 시료채취 지점 48
1. 시료 채취 지점과 채취 방법 48
제4절 분석절차 및 사용기기 54
1. PCNs (폴리염화나프탈렌) 54
2. SCCPs (단쇄염화파라핀) 57
3. PFASs (과불화합물) 60
제5절 정성 및 정량분석 63
1. 분석기기의 조건 63
2. 정성 및 정량분석 67
3. 검량선 73
4. 검출한계 및 회수율 76
제4장 연구결과 및 고찰 82
제1절 주요 하천에서 PCNs의 환경잔류 특성 82
1. 주요 하천의 하천수 및 퇴적물 중 PCNs 잔류 농도 82
2/3. 주요 하천의 붕어 체내 잔류농도 87
3/4. 주요 하천의 피라미 체내 잔류농도 99
4. PCNs의 환경 중 생물 농축특성 및 근육에서 알로의 전이특성 113
제2절 주요 하천에서 SCCPs의 환경잔류 특성 116
1. 낙동강 수계 내 하천수 및 퇴적물 중 SCCPs 잔류 농도 116
2. 낙동강 수계 내 어류 체내 잔류농도 121
제3절 주요 하천에서 PFASs의 환경잔류 특성 130
1. 주요 하천의 하천수 중 PFASs 잔류농도 130
2. 주요 하천의 하천퇴적물 중 PFASs 잔류농도 136
제4절 송사리 서식지에서 PFASs의 환경잔류 특성 142
1. 송사리 서식지 하천수 및 하천퇴적물 중 PFASs의 잔류농도 및 분포특성 142
2. 송사리 서식지 토양 내 PFASs 잔류농도 및 분포특성 148
3. 송사리 체내 PFASs 잔류농도 및 분포특성 151
4. PFASs의 생물농축계수 154
제5절 3년간 POPs의 환경잔류 특성 평가 및 연구 결과 요약 156
1. 하천수 중 POPs 물질 검출 및 잔류 특성 평가 (2015년도~2017년도) 156
2. 퇴적물 중 POPs 물질 검출 및 잔류 특성 평가 (2015년도~2017년도) 158
3. 붕어 기관별 및 피라미 중 POPs 물질 검출 및 잔류 특성 평가 (2015년도~2017년도) 159
4. 송사리 서식지 하천수에 따른 PFASs 분포 패턴 비교 (2015년~2017년) 161
5. 송사리 서식지 하천퇴적물에 따른 PFASs 분포 패턴 비교 (2015년~2017년) 164
6. 송사리 체내 PFASs 분포 패턴 비교 (2015년~2017년) 167
제6절 추후 계획 171
제5장 결론 174
제6장 참고문헌 178
Table 1-1. PCNs homologues and CAS number 27
Table 1-2. Physicochemical properties of SCCPs (UNEP, 2006) 30
Table 1-3. Structure and physico-chemical properties of target PFAS 33
Table 1-4. PCNs concentration in environmental matrix 36
Table 1-5. SCCPs concentration in sediment 39
Table 1-6. SCCPs concentration in water 39
Table 1-7. SCCPs concentration in fish 39
Table 1-8. PFASs concentration in Regional waste water, Sediment and Biota 41
Table 1-9. Regulated PFASs by Korean Chemical materials management Law 42
Table 1-10. Circulation volume of PFASs as C8~C20 in Korea 42
Table 2-1. Target PCNs in this study 45
Table 2-2. Target SCCPs in this study 45
Table 2-3. Target PFASs in this study 46
Table 2-4. Description of sampling sites and the number of samples in each matrix 51
Table 2-5. Sampling information of Namhan River 52
Table 2-6. Sampling information of Nakdong River 52
Table 2-7. Sampling information of Yeongsan River 53
Table 2-8. Instrumental operating conditions of PCNs 63
Table 2-9. Instrumental operating conditions of SCCPs 65
Table 2-10. Instrumental operating conditions of PFASs 66
Table 2-11. Instrument condition of PCNs 67
Table 2-12. Instrument condition of SCCPs 68
Table 2-13. MRM condition of PFASs 72
Table 2-14. MDL (Method detection limits) of PCNs 76
Table 2-15. Average recovery of PCNs in samples 77
Table 2-16. Accuracy of developed analytical method for PCNs in various samples 77
Table 2-17. MDLs of SCCPs 78
Table 2-18. Average recovery of SCCPs in samples 78
Table 2-19. Accuracy of developed analytical method for SCCPs in various samples 79
Table 2-20. LOD and LOQ in water, sediment and biota (PFASs) 81
Table 2-21. MDL of PFASs 81
Table 3-1. PCNs concentration in sediment 83
Table 3-2. Comparison of PCNs in sediment with previous study 84
Table 3-3. The results of PCNs from previous studies on sediment 86
Table 3-4. Lipid contents, HSI, GSI and metric trait of crucian carp 88
Table 3-5. PCNs concentration in crucian carp muscle 93
Table 3-6. PCNs concentration in crucian carp muscle 94
Table 3-7. PCNs concentration in crucian carp liver 95
Table 3-8. PCNs concentration in crucian carp gonad 96
Table 3-9. PCNs concentration in crucian carp blood 97
Table 3-10. PCNs concentration in minnow 100
Table 3-11. Comparison of PCNs concentration in various fish species with previous related studies 103
Table 3-12. The reported TEF values for PCNs (Ref 1:Blankenship et al. (2000); Ref 2: Hanberg et al. (1991)) 107
Table 3-13. The TEF of PCNs (Puzyn et al, 2007) 107
Table 3-14. Total PCNs concentration and their TEQ values in various samples of this study 108
Table 3-15. Detection frequency of CN-66/67 and 73 in samples 109
Table 3-16. MTR of PCNs in this study 113
Table 3-17. BSAF of PCNs 115
Table 3-18. SCCPs concentration in sediment 116
Table 3-19. The results of SCCPs from previous studies on water 119
Table 3-20. The results of SCCPs from previous studies on sediment 119
Table 3-21. SCCPs concentration in crucian carp muscle 121
Table 3-22. SCCPs concentration in minnow 124
Table 3-23. Comparison of SCCPs concentration in various fish species from previous related studies 126
Table 3-24. Concentration of PFASs in river water 133
Table 3-25. PFASs concentration in river water of four years monitoring 134
Table 3-26. Concentration of PFASs in river sediment 139
Table 3-27. PFASs concentration in river sediment of four years monitoring 140
Table 3-28. Concentration of PFASs in medaka habitat water 144
Table 3-29. Concentration of PFASs in medaka habitat sediment 147
Table 3-30. Concentration of PFASs in medaka habitat soil 150
Table 3-31. Concentration of PFASs in wholebody of medaka 153
Table 3-32. Mean bioconcentration factor of PFASs in medaka fish whole body 155
Table 4-1. The target POPs concentration in sediment, water, minnow and tissues of crucian carp for three years of NIER studies 157
Table 4-2. Mean concentration of total PFASs in medaka habitat water with previous studies 162
Table 4-3. Mean concentration of total PFASs in medaka habitat sediment with previous studies 165
Table 4-4. Mean concentration of total PFASs in medaka fish whole body with previous studies 168
Table 4-5. Mean Bioconcentration of PFASs in medaka fish whole body with previous studies 170
Fig. 1-1. Construction of PCNs 27
Fig. 1-2. Construction of SCCPs 29
Fig. 1-3. The structure of representative PFASs 32
Fig. 1-4. Number of SCI papers about PCNs (Science direct, 'polychlorinated naphthalenes','sediment or water or fish') 35
Fig. 1-5. Number of SCI papers about SCCPs (Science direct,'Short-chained chlorinated paraffins,'sediment or water or fish') 38
Fig. 1-6. Number of SCI papers about PFOS and PFOA in water, sediment and fish (Science direct, "perfluorinated compounds" and "PFOS" and "PFOA", "water or sediment or fish") 40
Fig. 2-1. Sampling sites in rivers 49
Fig. 2-2. Sampling sites for medaka fish habitats 50
Fig. 2-3. Analytical procedure of PCNs in water 54
Fig. 2-4. Analytical procedure of PCNs in sediment 55
Fig. 2-5. Analytical procedure of PCNs in minnow, crucian carp 56
Fig. 2-6. Analytical procedure of SCCPs in water 57
Fig. 2-7. Analytical procedure of PCNs in sediment 58
Fig. 2-8. Analytical procedure of PCNs in crucian carp and minnow 59
Fig. 2-9. Analytical procedure of PFASs in water 61
Fig. 2-10. Analytical procedure of PFASs in sediment and fish tissues 62
Fig. 2-11. Calibration curve of SCCPs by using chlorine contents (Reth et al., 2005) 69
Fig. 2-12. Chromatogram of target PFASs and surrogate materials 72
Fig. 2-13. Calibration curve of PCNs 73
Fig. 2-14. Calibration curve of SCCPs 74
Fig. 2-15. Calibration curve of PFASs 75
Fig. 3-1. Concentration and distribution pattern of PCNs in sediment 83
Fig. 3-2. PCNs distribution pattern in sediment (a) This study (b) NIER 2016 85
Fig. 3-3. Comparison of PCNs concentration in sediment with previous study sampling in 2016 86
Fig. 3-4. The PCNs concentration in muscle (wet base and lipid base) 91
Fig. 3-5. The PCNs concentration in gonad, liver and blood of crucian carp 91
Fig. 3-6. The PCNs concentration and distribution pattern in crucian carp tissues 92
Fig. 3-7. Comparison of PCNs concentration in muscle, gonad, liver and blood of crucian carp with previous study at Andong 98
Fig. 3-8. The PCNs concentration and distribution pattern in minnow (whole body) 99
Fig. 3-9. Comparison of PCNs concentration in minnow with previous study at Nakdong river 101
Fig. 3-10. Concentration of PCNs congener in samples 105
Fig. 3-11. TEQ concentration of PCNs congeners which have TEF value 109
Fig. 3-12. Correlation between length and weight of crucian carp muscle and PCNs concentration 110
Fig. 3-13. Correlation between length and weight of crucian carp gonad and PCNs concentration 111
Fig. 3-14. Correlation of PCNs concentration in each part of crucian carp samples; (a) ΣPCNs in muscle vs ΣPCNs in blood, (b) ΣPCNs in liver vs ΣPCNs in blood, (c) ΣPCNs in gonad vsΣPCNs in blood, (d) ΣPCNs in liver vs... 112
Fig. 3-15. SCCPs concentration in sediment 117
Fig. 3-16. The distribution of SCCPs in sediment according to carbon content (C10~C13) 117
Fig. 3-17. The distribution of SCCPs in sediment from up-, mid-, and down-stream of Nakdong River according to chlorine content 118
Fig. 3-18. The various POPs concentration in sediment 120
Fig. 3-19. The SCCPs concentration in muscle (lipid base) 122
Fig. 3-20. The distribution of SCCPs in crucian carp according to carbon content 122
Fig. 3-21. The distribution of SCCPs in crucian carp from up- and mid-stream of Nakdong River according to chlorine content 123
Fig. 3-22. Principal component analysis of SCCPs in crucian carp according to the carbon and chlorine content 123
Fig. 3-23. The SCCPs concentration in minnow (wet base) 124
Fig. 3-24. The distribution of SCCPs in minnow from Nakdong River according to the carbon and chlorine content 125
Fig. 3-25. The comparison of various POPs concentration in each part of fish samples in Korea 127
Fig. 3-26. Correlation between total length and body weight of crucian carp and SCCPs concentration; (a) total length vs SCCPs, (b) body weight va SCCPs, (c) total length vs SCCPs except outlier, (d) body weight vs SCCPs except outlier 128
Fig. 3-27. Concentration of PFASs in river water 131
Fig. 3-28. Distribution pattern of PFASs in river water 131
Fig. 3-29. Concentration of PFASs in river water by site 132
Fig. 3-30. Distribution pattern of PFASs in river water by site 132
Fig. 3-31. The Comparison of PFASs concentration in river water with previous studies 135
Fig. 3-32. Concentration of PFASs in river sediment 137
Fig. 3-33. Distribution pattern of PFASs in river sediment 137
Fig. 3-34. Concentration of PFASs in river sediment by site 138
Fig. 3-35. Distribution pattern of PFASs in river sediment by site 138
Fig. 3-36. Comparison of PFASs concentration in river sediment with previous studies 141
Fig. 3-37. Concentration of PFASs in medaka habitat water 143
Fig. 3-38. Distribution pattern of PFASs in medaka habitat water 143
Fig. 3-39. Concentration of PFASs in medaka habitat sediment 146
Fig. 3-40. Distribution pattern of PFASs in medaka habitat sediment 146
Fig. 3-41. Concentration of PFASs in medaka habitat soil 149
Fig. 3-42. Distribution pattern of PFASs in medaka habitat soil 149
Fig. 3-43. Concentration of PFASs in medaka fish whole body 152
Fig. 4-1. The mean concentration of target POPs and their substituent in river water samples for three years 157
Fig. 4-2. The mean concentration of target POPs and their substituent in sediment samples for three years 158
Fig. 4-3. The mean concentration of target POPs and their substituent in crucian carp tissue samples for three years 160
Fig. 4-4. The mean concentration of target POPs and their substituent in minnow whole body samples for three years 160
Fig. 4-5. Comparison of total PFASs concentration in medaka habitat water with previous studies 162
Fig. 4-6. Comparison of concentration of PFASs compound in medaka habitat water with previous studies 163
Fig. 4-7. Comparison of total PFASs concentration in medaka habitat sediment with previous studies 165
Fig. 4-8. Comparison of concentration of PFASs compound in medaka habitat sediment with previous studies 166
Fig. 4-9. Comparison of total PFASs concentration in medaka fish whole body with previous studies 168
Fig. 4-10. Comparison of PFASs concentration in medaka fish whole body with previous studies 169
Fig. 4-11. Comparison of Bioconcentration factor of PFASs in medaka fish whole body with previous studies 170
Fig. 4-12. Tentative research plan for the next three years 173
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