제1 장 통계학의 이해 1.1 통계학의 의미 ······························································································· 3 1.2 통계학의 분류 ······························································································· 4 1.3 모집단과 표본 ······························································································· 7 1.4 데이터 마이닝 ····························································································· 13 4차 산업혁명 _ 13 빅데이터 _ 15 비즈니스 분석론 _ 16 인공지능 _ 19 데이터 마이닝 _ 20 ▶ 연습문제 ········································································································· 22
제2 장 기술통계학Ⅰ:데이터의 정리 및 표현 2.1 데이터의 종류 ····························································································· 27 범주 데이터와 수치 데이터 _ 28 이산 데이터와 연속 데이터 _ 29 단변수 데이터와 다변수 데이터 _ 30
2.2 측정척도의 형태 ························································································· 32 명목척도 _ 32 서열척도 _ 33 구간척도 _ 34 비율척도 _ 34 2.3 도수분포표 ·································································································· 36 기본 개념 _ 36 도수분포표의 그래프 _ 37 2.4 범주 데이터의 정리 ···················································································· 37 도수분포표 _ 37 도수분포표의 그래프 _ 40 2.5 수치 데이터의 정리:이산 데이터 ····························································· 45 도수분포표 _ 45 도수분포표의 그래프 _ 46 2.6 수치 데이터의 정리:연속 데이터 ····························································· 47 도수분포표의 그래프 _ 50 2.7 EXCEL 활용 ································································································ 53 ▶ 연습문제 ········································································································· 64
제10장 가설검정:한 모집단 10.1 가설검정 ····································································································355 가설의 의미와 종류 _ 355 가설의 설정 _ 356 가설의 형태 _ 358 가설검정의 오류 _ 360 결정규칙 _ 362 가설검정의 순서 _ 366 10.2 모평균의 가설검정 ·····················································································367 모표준편차를 아는 경우 _ 368 모표준편차를 모르는 경우 _ 378 10.3 모비율의 가설검정 ·····················································································383 10.4 모분산의 가설검정 ·····················································································387 10.5 EXCEL 활용 ·······························································································390 ▶ 연습문제 ········································································································395
제11장 통계적 추정과 가설검정:두 모집단 11.1 표본의 독립성과 종속성 ············································································403 11.2 두 표본평균 차이의 표본분포 ····································································404 11.3 두 모평균 차이에 대한 추정과 검정 ··························································406 독립표본 _ 406 대응표본 _ 414 11.4 두 모비율 차이에 대한 추정과 검정 ··························································418 11.5 두 모분산 비율에 대한 추정과 검정 ··························································423 F 분포 _ 423 두 모분산 비율의 추정 _ 427 두 모분산 비율의 검정 _ 428 11.6 EXCEL 활용 ·······························································································431 ▶ 연습문제 ········································································································438
제12장 분산분석 12.1 분산분석의 의미 ························································································447 12.2 실험설계의 기본 개념 ················································································448 12.3 분산분석의 기본 원리 ················································································450 12.4 일원배치법:반복 수가 같은 경우 ····························································452 12.5 이원배치법:반복없는 경우 ······································································462 12.6 이원배치법:반복 있는 경우 ·····································································468 12.7 EXCEL 활용 ·······························································································475 ▶ 연습문제 ········································································································480
부표 A. 이항분포표 ··································································································· 592 B. e-μ의 값 ······································································································· 595 C. 포아송분포표 ······························································································· 596 D. 표준정규분포표 ···························································································· 598 E. 난수표 ··········································································································· 599 F. t 분포표 ········································································································· 600 G. χ2분포표 ······································································································ 601 H. F 분포표 ······································································································· 603 ◈ 영문색인 ················································································································ 607 ◈ 국문색인 ················································································································ 612
지금 세계는 공포 속에서 불안에 떨면서 살아가고 있다. 러시아는 우크라이나를 침공하여 전쟁이 진행 중이고 미국은 중국과 사생결단의 패권경쟁에 여념이 없어 중국 경제는 쇠락의 길로 달려가는 듯하다. 이런 와중에 북한은 미국과 한국을 위협하면서 걸핏하면 미사일을 쏘아대고 있다. 국내적으로는 지금 경제가 엉망으로 치닫고 있다. 중국에 대한 수출이 부진하고 침체 속에서 물가는 올라 이를 잡으려고 미국 따라 금리를 인상하고 있다. 한국 경제는 상당기간 침체의 늪에서 헤어나기 어려울 듯하다. 이러한 내우외환 속에서 기업경영을 담당하는 경영자들은 참으로 고초가 많을 것 같다. 불확실하고 불안정한 환경에서 의사결정하기가 무척 힘들 것이다. 이러한 상태에서도 경영자들은 빠르고 현명한 의사결정에 전념해야 할 것이다. 기업들은 그동안 발전해 오면서 가격(효율), 품질, 스피드, 이노베이션 등을 통해 경쟁해 왔다. 그러나 이제는 4차 산업혁명이 진행하면서 쏟아져나오는 빅데이터를 분석하여 얻는 지식, 정보, 통찰력 등을 통한 데이터 기반 의사결정을 신속하게 하면서 경쟁력을 강화하고 있는 추세이다. 통계학과 데이터 마이닝, 경영과학과 비즈니스 분석론이 각광을 받는 이유가 바로 여기에 있다. 이번 개정판을 손질하는 데 있어서 4차 산업혁명에 관한 내용과 빅데이터가 통계학의 여러 분야에 미치는 영향에 관한 내용을 보완하였다. 통계문제를 푸는 데는 Excel의 활용이 중요하다. 이제는 손 사용 문제풀이 다음에 바로 Excel 활용문제풀이를 연속함으로써 두 가지 방법을 동시에 공부할 수 있도록 하였다. 독자들은 연습문제에 대한 손 사용 방법과 Excel 활용 방법을 출판사 박영사의 HomePage에 접속하여 다운로드 받아 활용하기 바란다. 한편 이 책을 교재로 사용하시는 강사님들은 이러한 해답집 외에 PowerPoint를 사용하여 만든 강의안을 다운로드하여 이용하시기 바란다. 끝으로 본 개정판이 출판되기까지 많은 분들의 배려와 수고가 있었다. 우선 박영사의 안종만 회장님의 협조와 배려에 감사하다는 인사를 전하고자 한다. 또한 시간이 촉박한 가운데도 열정과 노력을 아낌없이 쏟아 부은 편집부의 전채린 차장께 심심한 사의를 표하고자 한다. 2023. 5. 29. 강금식