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Title Page
Copyright
PREFACE AND INTRODUCTION / Sung Chul Yang
Contents
PART I. THE CURRENT STATE OF DEMOCRATIC THEORY 25
1. FROM IMMIGRANTS TO CITIZENS: A NEW YET OLD CHALLENGE TO DEMOCRACIES / Robert A. Dahl 27
Why the Problem May Become More Pressing 28
Political Consequences: Cultural Homogeneity, Cultural Pluralism, or What? 36
Conclusion 48
2. EXPORTING-IMPORTING DEMOCRACY / Giovanni Sartori 51
3. HOW DEMOCRACIES SUCCEED / John Dunn 65
References 86
4. TOWARD A PARTICIPATORY DEMOCRACY / Mikyung Chin 91
Introduction 91
Local Autonomy and Participatory Democracy 92
Rousseau's Participatory Democracy 99
Conclusion 104
Bibliography 105
5. DEMOCRACY AND CAPITALISM: THE BEST POSSIBLE PARTNERS? / Hyug Baeg Im 107
Introduction 107
Capitalism Promotes Democracy 110
Capitalism Undermines Democracy 113
Democracy Hinders Capitalist Development 117
Democracy Maintains and Develops Capitalism 121
Concluding Remarks 125
PART II. DEMOCRACY IN A COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE 127
6. DEMOCRACY AND THE RIGHTS OF ETHNIC AND REGIONAL MINORITIES IN ASIA / Ted Robert Gurr 129
Challenges to Governance in Heterogenous Societies 130
Democracy and the Status of Minority Peoples in Asia 131
Survey of Autocratic and Democratic Polities in Contemporary Asia 132
Protection of Minority Rights in Democracies and Autocracies 137
Communal Challenges to State Security 143
Democracy and the Accommodation of Ethnopoliticai Demands 149
Concluding Observations About the Status of Asian Minorities 158
7. THE SEARCH FOR POLITICAL OPPOSITION: THE NEXT CHALLENGE FOR ASIAN DEMOCRACY / James Cotton 165
Oppositions and Democratisation 166
Opposition in Parliamentary Asia 168
Conclusion: The Character and Potential of Opposition 177
References 180
8. DEMOCRACY IN LATIN AMERICA: DEGREES, ILLUSIONS, AND DIRECTIONS FOR CONSOLIDATION / Larry Diamond 183
Conceptualizing Democracy: Features, Forms, and Degrees 187
Democracy in Latin America Today: Degrees of Progress and Illusion 195
Consolidating Democracy in Latin America: Facilitating and Obstructing Factors 217
Conclusion: Can the International Community Help? 256
9. NO HOPE FOR DEMOCRACY?: EMERGING THREATS TO DEMOCRATIZATION PROCESSES IN AFRICA / Shin-Wha Lee 261
The Issue 261
Challenges to Democratization Processes in Africa 264
Concluding Observations about the Future of Africa's Struggle for Democracy 305
References 310
10. ELITE TRANSFORMATIONS AND DEMOCRATIZATION / John Higley 315
Elite Unity and Differentiation 316
The Modal Pattern: Bifurcated Elites and Autocratic Regimes 322
Revolutionary Transformations to Ideological Elites 323
From Bifurcated to Fragmented Elites 325
Transformations to Consensual Elites 328
Prospects for Democratization in the Next Century 332
Conclusion 339
11. THE CREATION AND SUSTENANCE OF DEMOCRACY: THE INTERNATIONAL DIMENSION / K.J. Holsti 341
The Founding Fathers' Image of the United Nations 347
Expanding Tasks and Changing Norms since 1989 349
Conflict Resolution in Bosnia: The Dilemmas of UN Intervention 352
Bosnia at Peace: A Settlement or a Prelude to More Wars? 356
The Ultimate Question 361
References 363
PART III. DEMOCRACY IN KOREA 365
12. DEMOCRACY AND AUTHORITY IN THE POST-CONFUCIAN CONTEXT / Chaibong Hahm 367
Introduction 367
Confucian Authoritarianism and Traditionalism 369
Modern Interpretations of Authority 371
Authority vs. Power 373
Confucianism and Authority: The Politics of "D'ok"(德) 378
Conclusion 380
13. IDEOLOGY, ORGANIZATION AND DEMOCRATIC CONSOLIDATION IN KOREA / Byung-Kook Kim 383
Part I. 383
Part II. 392
Part III. 411
14. KOREAN DEVELOPMENT REVISITED: HALF A CENTURY OF INTERPLAY OF DEMOCRATIC EXPECTATIONS AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT / Hahn-Been Lee 423
The Groundwork and Initial Constitutional Pattern 423
Islands of Innovation and Planning 424
The University-Press Nexus 426
The Rise of the Military 426
Five-Year Plans and a Super-Ministry 428
Spread of Think Tanks and an Expanding Pool of Developmental Thinking 429
Shift to Heavy Industry and the Rise of Big Business Groups 431
Crisis Management and Shock Therapy 432
Decline of the Military Rule 433
Rise of the Citizen and Restoration of Constitutional Government 435
Restoration of Civilian Supremacy 436
15. CONSERVATIVE DEMOCRATIZATION AND THE TRANSITION TO MASS POLITICS IN KOREA / Peter McDonough ; Doh C. Shin 439
Dimensions of Authoritarianism and Democracy 442
Explaining Support for Authoritarian and Democratic Governments 446
Varieties of Conservatism 454
A Note on the Media Environment of Korean Democracy 464
Conclusion 467
Appendix 471
References 473
16. POLITICAL DEMOCRACY AND REFORM IN SOUTH KOREA: THE CULTURAL CONTEXT OF DEMOCRATIZATION / Young Whan Kihl 479
Reforming Post-Confucian Society of South Korea 479
The Context of South Korea's Democratization and Reform 484
Reform Politics Under Kim Young-Sam 491
The First Stage of Reform 493
The Second Stage of "Changing, Reform and Progress" 501
Future Prospects and Conclusion 506
Bibliography 513
PART IV. DURABILITY AND DIRECTION OF THE FOUR REMAINING SOCIALIST COUNTRIES 517
17. CURRENT STATUS AND FUTURE PROSPECTS OF SOCIALISM AND SOCIALIST COUNTRIES / Jan S. Prebyla 519
INTRODUCTION 519
CURRENT STATUS 523
FUTURE PROSPECTS 544
CONCLUSION 553
18. SOURCES OF REGIME STABILITY AND INSTABILITY IN CHINA: 1976, 1989, 1994, AND IN THE FUTURE / David Bachman 557
Four Key Variables 559
The Four Variables and China 567
China's Future 579
19. VIETNAM: ITS DURABILITY AND ITS DIRECTION / Douglas Pike 583
Overview 583
Sinews of Vietnamese Society 584
Leadership: Continuity and Change 586
The Economy: Plus and Minus 588
Governance Dilemma 591
Geo-Political Options 594
Conclusion 596
20. BETRAYAL OF THE PAST: WHAT DOES SOCIALISM MEAN TODAY IN VIETNAM? / Sang-In Jun 601
Introduction 601
Forward to Socialism 603
Socialism in Trouble 606
Socialism in Retreat 609
Socialism in a Dilemma 612
Conclusion 616
21. SOME REFLECTIONS ON THE CURRENT SITUATION AND NEAR FUTURE OF VIETNAM / Francois Joyaux(이미지참조) 621
A Political Situation Completely Frozen 621
The Contrasts of the Socio-Economic Situation 625
The Opening of the Country 627
Some Prospects 629
22. THE FUTURE OF MARXIST-LENINIST REGIMES: CUBA IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE / Howard J. Wiarda 633
A Model of Marxist-Leninist Regimes in Decline 635
Cuba 640
Why the Regime Survives 647
Alternative Strategies 650
The Future of the Cuban Regime and U.S. Policy 652
Conclusion 655
PART V. THE FUTURE DIRECTION AND THE FATE OF NORTH KOREA 657
23. PROSPECTS FOR NORTH KOREA / Chong-Sik Lee 659
The Determinants of the Korean Workers' Party's Resiliency 659
KWP's History and the Political System 661
North Korea and the "Wind of Change" 1991-93 662
Economic Problems Caused by the Collapse of the Soviet Union 663
North Korea's Oil Supply Plummeted in 1991 665
Decline in Grain Production 667
Economic Problems and the Political System 668
Economic Difficulties do not Necessarily Bring about Political Collapse 669
China and North Korea's Survival 670
North Korea's Attempted Solutions: International and Inter-state Relations 671
Courting of Japan 671
New North Korean Policy toward South Korea, 1988-1992 672
The "Nuclear Card" 673
North Korea's Economic Structure: Reforms of the 1980s 675
The "Extraterritorial Reforms" under Kim Jong-il 677
North Korean Reform under Dual Structure 678
24. NORTH KOREAN FOREIGN POLICY OF THE 1990S / Dae-Sook Suh 681
Introduction 681
Basic Ideology and Policy Goals 683
Foreign Policy Leaders and Implementation 684
Foreign Policy During the First Half of the 1990s 687
The Future of the North Korean Foreign Policy 694
Concluding Observations 696
25. A HISTORICAL ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN NORTH KOREA'S ECONOMIC POLICIES: IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE / Sung Chull Kim 701
Introduction 701
Background to the Policy Changes in the Mid-1980s 702
Processes of Selective Reform and Opening-Up in the Mid-1980s 705
Outcomes of the New Economic Policies 711
Preparation for Opening in the Early 1990s 714
Conclusion 717
26. MARKET SOCIALISM IN CHINA'S ECONOMIC CHANGE AND ITS IMPLICATIONS FOR NORTH KOREA / Seung-Yul Oh 721
Introduction 721
Reform Objectives and Reform Strategy 724
Market-Oriented Reform as the Optimal Choice 727
Expanding Market Mechanism and Its Role in China 731
Economic Reform as an Imperative for North Korea 745
Implications of China's Market Socialism for North Korea 749
Conclusion 752
References 753
27. KIM IL-SUNG VERSUS SOCIAL SCIENCE / Aidan Foster-Carter 755
Introduction: of Terminologies, Typologies, and Teleologies 755
North Korea: Defiance of Sense and Science 764
Conclusion: The Methodenstreit Revisited 777
28. CHANGING VALUES AND DURABILITY OF THE SOCIALIST SYSTEM IN NORTH KOREA / Jae Jean Suh 779
Introduction: Inherent Dualism in Totalitarian Socialist Societies 779
Human Remolding Projects vs. Patterns of Occupational Preference 782
Forced Compliance vs. Everyday Forms of Resistance 787
Collectivism vs. the Trends of Privatization 790
Conclusion 794
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