영문목차

Preface=xix

PART I. INTRODUCTION=1

1. LABOUR AS A FACTOR OF PRODUCTION=3

Meaning of Labour=4

Peculiarities of Labour=6

2. ECONOMICS OF LABOUR: NATURE, SCOPE AND SIGNIFICANCE=9

Introduction=9

Origin and Growth of Labour Economics=10

Importance of Labour Economics=11

Meaning, Content and Dimensions of Labour Economics=13

3. INDIAN LABOUR: NOW AND THEN=16

Characteristics of Indian Labour as observed by the Whiteley Commission=17

Observation of Labour Investigation Committee

Observations of National Commission on Labour

Distinguishing Features of Indian Industrial Workers

Aspirations of the New Workers=24

Attitude of Workers

Attitude Towards Unions

Attitude Towards Outsiders

Attitude Towards Employers

Social Attitude

Problems of Un-Organised Labour=27

Labour in Small Scale Industries

Agricultural Labour

Law Degree Unionization

PART II. TRADE UNIONISM=35

4. TRADE UNIONISM: NATURE, ORIGIN AND GROWTH=35

Definition of the Trade Union=36

Labour Movement and the Trade Unions=38

Origin and Growth of Trade Unionism=39

Separation between Capital and Labour

Philosophy of 'Laissez Faire'

Lack of Bargaining Power on the Part of Individual Workers

Individual Dispensability but Collective Indispensability

Emergence of Trade Unionism=44

Legal and Other Handicaps of Early Trade Unions=45

Industrial Commitment of Labour Force

Changes in the Composition of Labour Force

Variations in the Business Activity

Change in Technology

Trade Union Leadership

Structure of Union Organisation

Union Security Provisions in Collective Agreements and Laws

Attitude of Employers Toward Unionism

The Political Climate and the Legal Framework

Role of Political Parties

The Value System and Public Opinion

Proximity Influence

International Factors=56

5. THEORIES OF TRADE UNIONISM=59

The Theory of Industrial Democracy=59

Necessary Conditions for a Trade Union

Objectives

Methods to Achieve Objectives

Revolution Theory or Marxian Theory of Trade Unionism=63

Gandhian Theory or Theory of Trusteeship=65

The "Collective Bargaining" or "Economic Protection" Theory=67

Robert F. Hoxie Theory of Trade Unionism=68

Business Unionism

Friendly or Uplift Unionism

Revolutionary Unionism

Predatory Unionism

Dependent Unionism

Frank Tannenbaum Theory of Trade Unionism or Technological Theory=71

Selig Perlman Theory of Trade Unionism=73

Job-Conscious Unionism

Unions and the Intellectuals

Union Goals and Tactics

Union Control of Industry Theory=75

Power Theory

Business Theory

Functional Theory

Environmental Theory

Social Relation Theory

Multiple Factor Theory

Trade Unionism - A Protest Movement

Trade Unionism - A Statement of Various Views

6. OBJECTIVES AND METHODS OF TRADE UNIONISM=84

Method of Mutual Insurance=89

Method of Collective Bargaining=90

Method of Legal Enactment=91

Method of Direct Action=92

Political Action=93

Legitimacy of the Methods=95

7. TRADE UNIONISM: CLASSIFICATION, PATTERN AND STRUCTURE=98

Types of Trade Unions=100

Craft Unions

Industrial Unions

General Unions

Federations

Should Trade Union Movement be Organised on Craft Basis or Industrial Basis=103

Merits of Industrial Unions

Demerits of Industrial Unions

Merits of Craft Union

Demerits of Craft Union

Conclusion=107

Pattern and Structure of Trade Unions in India=108

Present Situation=110

Affiliations of the Primary Unions=113

Industrial Federation=114

The National Centres=115

8. FUNCTIONS AND ROLE OF TRADE UNIONS=117

Functions of Trade Unions=118

Intra-Mural Activities or Militant Functions

Extra-Mural Activities or Fraternal Functions

Political Functions

Limitations on the Functions of Trade Unions=121

Recommendations of National Commission on Labour=123

Trade Union Activities=124

Economic Activities

Political Activities

Social Activities

International Activities

Role of Unions=125

The Economic Role of Unions

Positive Effects

Increased Equality and Reduced Discrimination, Negative Affairs

Opposition to Economic Reforms

Improving the Economic Impact of Unions

Encouraging Unions' Positive Contributions

Collective Bargaining in the Private Sector

Supportive Legislation and the Role of Employers

Unions in the Public Sector and Natural Monopolies=136

Unions and Politics=137

9. TRADE UNION MOVEMENT IN INDIA: ORIGIN AND GROWTH=141

The Period between 1875-1918=143

The Period between 1918-1924=145

The Period between 1924-1935=147

The Period between 1935-1939=149

The Period between 1939-1946=149

The Post-War and the Post-independence Period=151

Trade Unions Statistics=155

State-wise Distribution of Unions=156

Number and Membership of Unions Classified According to Industries=164

10. TRADE UNIONISM IN INDIA: PROBLEMS AND PROSPECTS=169

Internal Factors=169

External Factors=172

Suggestions to make the Trade Union Movement Strong=174

Democratic Spirit and Education

One Union in One Industry

Internal Leadership

Code of Discipline and Code of Conduct

Promotion and Expansion of Union Activities for the Benefit of Workers

Training in Theory and Practice of Trade Unionism

Workers Education Scheme

Political Parties

Full-time Paid Officers

Duties and Responsibilities of Workers

Technical Experts

Check Off

Right of Recognised and Other Unions

Election Disputes

Strike Fund

Trade Union Journals

A Labour Party

Adequacy of Funds

11. INDIAN TRADE UNIONS: POLITICAL AFFILIATION AND LEADERSHIP=184

Factors Responsible for Political Affiliation of Indian Trade Unions=187

Consequences of Political Dominance=192

Harmful Effects of Political Dominance=193

Trade Union Rivalry along Political Lines

Emergence of Factionalism

Way-out=195

Leadership of the Indian Trade Union Movement=197

Who are Outsiders?=197

Distinction between an Outsider and an Insider=200

Factors Responsible for the Persistence of Outside Leadership=201

The Relative Immaturity of the Indian Trade Union Movement

Hold of Political Parties

Sociological Factors

Fear of Victimisation

Illiteracy of Indian Workers and Language Difficulties

Small base of the Indian Trade Unions and their Poor Financial Resources

The Role of the State and the Increasing Prestige of Politicians

Harmful Effects of Outside Leadership=205

Suggestions for Minimising Outside Influence=207

Resume=210

12. TRADE UNION RIVALRY AND RECOGNION=212

Inter-Union Rivalry=212

Intra-Union Rivalry=213

Reasons for Inter-Union and Intra-Union Rivalry

Code of Conduct to Remove Inter-Union/lntra-Union Rivalry

Trade Union Recognition=217

Which Union should be Recognised

Problems Involved in the Recognition of Majority Unions

Controversy over Criteria

Limitations of Membership Basis

Arguments in Support of Secret Ballot

Recommendations of National Commission on Labour

13. UNION SECURITY AND THE CHECK-OFF=226

Types of Union Security=226

The Closed Shop

The Union Shop

Maintenance of Membership

The Agency Shop

The Preferential Shop

The Check-off=228

Pre-entry or Closed Shop

"Post-entry" or "Union Shop"

Merits

Demerits

Recommendations of Bihar Labour Committee

PART III. INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS=237

14. INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS: NATURE AND SCOPE=237

Definition of Industrial Relations=237

Evolution of Industrial Relations=240

Objectives of Industrial Relations=241

Generating Types

Satellite Types

Semi-isolated Types

Aspects of Industrial Relations=244

Cooperation

Conflict

Nature of Industrial Conflict=245

Determinants of Industrial Relations=247

Conditions of Work

Working Conditions

Living Conditions

Importance of Attitudes of Industry=248

Human Factor=250

Incentives in Industry=251

Labour Movement as Underlying Force in Shaping the Course of Industrial Relations

Collective Bargaining

Personnel Management an Aid to Sound Industrial Relations

Joint Consultation=254

15. COLLECTIVE BARGAINING: THEORY AND PRACTICE=257

Introduction=257

Meaning of Collective Bargaining=258

Nature of Collective Bargaining=259

Process of Collective Bargaining=260

Means of Collective Bargaining=261

Constitutents of Collective Bargaining=261

The Creation of the Trade Agreement

The Interpretation of the Agreement

Enforcement of the Agreement

Pre-requisites of Collective Bargaining=263

Forms of Collective Bargaining=263

Scope of Collective Bargaining=264

Theories of Collective Bargaining=266

The Marketing Theory Based upon Exchange Relationship

The Government Theory

The Managerial Theory

Growth of Collective Bargaining=268

Growth of Collective Bargaining in India=270

Collective Bargaining in India=271

16. WORKERS' PARTICIPATION IN MANAGEMENT=278

Introduction=278

Meaning

Structure

Objectives

Origin and Growth=281

Models of Workers' Participation=283

Workers's Management

Joint Management of Cooperative Participation

Forms of Cooperative Participation

Pre-Conditions for Co-operative Participation in Management

Workers' Participation in Management in India=285

Works Committees

Functions of Works Committees

Joint Management Council

Workers' Directors

Workers' Participation in Industry in Public Sector

Functions of the Shop Councils

Functions of Joint Councils

Workers' Participation in Commercial and Service Organisation in Public Sector

An Estimate of the Working of Workers' Participation in Management in India

Findings of National Commission on Labour=295

Suggestions=295

Recent Trend=297

17. HUMAN RELATIONS IN INDUSTRY=298

Importance of Human Factor in an Organisation=299

Evolution of Human Relations in Industry=301

Concept of Human Relations-Definition and Implications=306

Assumptions and Principles of Human Relations=304

Objectives and Importance of Human Relations=310

Methods or Approaches to Human Relations=312

Measures to Improve Human Relations=315

18. PERSONNEL MANAGEMENT: PRINCIPLES AND PRACTICES=320

Definition of Personnel Management=321

Employee Resourcing

Employee Development or Human Resources Development

Employee Relations

Objectives of Personnel Management=325

Aspects of Personnel Management=325

Personnel Aspects

Welfare Aspects

Industrial Relation Aspect

Role of Personnel Management=327

Principles of Personnel Management=328

Personnel Functions=330

Managerial Functions

Operational Functions

Status of the Personnel Manager=334

Changing Role of the Personnel Manager=334

PART IV. WAGES=339

19. THEORIES OF WAGES: A RESUME=339

Subsistence Theory of Wages=340

Standard of Living Theory of Wages=341

Residual Claimant Theory of Wages=342

Wage Fund Theory=342

Marginal Productivity Theory of Wages=344

Exploitation Theory of Wages=349

Demand and Supply Theory of Wages=350

Bargaining Theory of Wages=352

Critical Review=353

20. METHODS OF WAGE PAYMENT=357

Time and Piece Systems of Wage Payment=357

Time Rates

Merits of Time Wages

Demerits of Time Wages

Piece Rates or Piece Wages=360

Merits of Piece Wages

Demerits of Piece Wages

Pregressive Systems of Wage Payment=362

Straight Piece Rates System Differential Price Rate System

Bonus Systems or Premium Systems

Halsey Premium System or Weir System

Rowan's System

Bonus at the Rate of 100 Per Cent

Gantt Bonus System

Barth System

"Task Wages" System

Sliding Scale System

Emerson Efficiency System

Recommendations of National Commission on Labour=375

Non-wage Incentives or Non-financial Incentives

Concluding Remarks=377

21. MINIMUM WAGES, FAIR WAGES AND LIVING WAGES: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK=378

Objectives of Fixation of Minimum Wage=379

Concepts of Living, Minimum and Fair Wages=380

The Living Wage

The Fair Wage

The Minimum Wage

Principles for Determining Minimum Wage=382

Relation of Wages with Other Categories of Workers

The Livirig Wage Basis

The Capacity of Industry of Pay Basis

Wage Capacity of Industry and Individual Firms=386

Norms for the Fixation of Minimum Wages=386

Minimum Wages Act, 1948: Statutory Minimum Wage=388

Object and Scope

Main Provisions

Assessment of the Working of the Act

Fair Wages=393

How to Fix Fair Wages

Capacity to Pay and Fair Wages

Machinery for Fixation of Fair Wages

Fair Wages Bill

Living Wage=395

Meaning of Living Wage in Different Countries

Wages in Relation to Cost and Productivity=397

The National Minimum Wage=398

Suggested Parameters for Determining National Minimum Wage=399

Recommendations of the Study Group=401

PART V. SOCIAL SECURITY AND I.L.O.=407

22. SOCIAL SECURITY: MEANING AND SIGNIFICANCE=407

Origin and Evolution of Social Security=407

Definition and Objectives of Social Security Schemes=413

Essential Requirements of Social Security=415

Social Assistance

Social Insurance

Public Service

Scope of Social Security=420

Benefits Provided Under Social Security

I.L.O. and Social Security=422

Significance of Social Security=423

Need for Social Security in India=425

Growth and Development of Social Security and Social Insurance in India=426

Period of Indifference (i.e. Period up to 1918)

Period of Agitation (from 1918 to 1936)

Period of Plan Making (from 1939 to 1947)

Period of Action (from 1948 onwards)

23. SOCIAL SECURITY IN INDIA=436

Workmen Compensation Act, 1923=437

Object and Scope

Coverage

Title to Compensation

Amount of Compensation

Dependents

Administration

Assessment

Recommendations of National Commission

Employees' State Insurande Act, 1948=442

Scope and Coverage

Review of the Working of the Employees' State Insurance Act

The ESI Scheme Review Committee

Note of Dissent of Workers' Representatives

Recommendations of the National Commission on Labour

Recommendations of Malviya Committee on Labour Welfare

Conclusion

Maternity Benefit Act, 1961=454

Object and Scope

Maternity Act

Main Provisions of the Act

Administration

Assessment

The Employees' Provident Fund and Miscellaneous Provisions Act, 1952=458

Rate of Contribution

Rate of Interest

Payment in the Event of Death or Dismissal of a Member

Advance from the Statutory Fund

Payment of Final Settlement of Claims

The Employees' Family Pension Scheme, 1971=463

The Employees' Deposit-Linked Insurance Scheme, 1976=466

The Payment of Gratuity Act, 1972=468

Coal Mines Bonus Scheme=472

Purpose

Scope

Rate of Bonus for the Schemes

Administration

Recommendations of National Commission on Labour on Employees' Provident Fund and Pension Scheme

The Assam Tea Plantation Provident Fund Act, 1955=474

Contribution

Bonus

Group Insurance

Pension Fund

Administration

The Seamen's Provident Fund Act, 1966=476

Scope and Coverage

Contribution

Administration

Progress

Concluing Remarks on Provident Fund and Pension Schemes

Medical, Health, Maternity and Other Benefits in Plantation=477

Health, Safety and Welfare of Workers=477

Recommendations of Plantation Committee

Assessment

Safety, Health and Welfare of the Dock Workers=478

Other Measures=479

The Survivorship Pension Scheme

Lay-off and Retrenchment Compensation

Retrenchment Compensation

Old Age Pension

Old-Age Pension Scheme in Public Sector

Social Security Measures which are under Consideration=483

Unemployment Insurance

Comprehensive Integrated Social Security

Conclusion

24. INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION=489

Birth of the I.L.O.=491

Constitution of the I.L.O.=491

Fundamental Principles of the I.L.O.=494

Aims and Objectives of I.L.O.=495

International Labour Office

Governing Body

International Labour Conference

Membership

Financing of the I.L.O.

Conventions and Recommendations=499

Conventions

Recommendations

Conventions

Difficulties in the Adoption of Conventions, and Recommendations=516

Problems of Ratification=517

Countries with Higher Labour Standards

Countries having a Federal Set-up

Countries where Subject Matters of Conventions are Regulated by Collective Agreements

Non-Metropolitan Territories

Industrially Backward Countries

Major Activities of the I.L.O.=521

Means Adopted

Improving Conditions of Work and Life

Development of Human Resources

Development of Social Institutions

Other Activities

I.L.O.'s Technical Assistance and India

Regional Activities

Industrial Committees

Conclusion=529

25. INDIA AND THE INTERNATIONAL LABOUR ORGANISATION=532

Genesis and Objectives of I.L.O.=533

Structure of the I.L.O.=534

International Labour Conference=534

Governing Body=535

International Labour Office=535

Membership, Conventions, Recommendations, Finance, etc.=536

International Labour Standards and their Influence on Indian Labour Legislation=538

Conditions of Work

Employment of Children and Young Persons

Employment of Women

Health, Safety and Welfare

Social Security

Industrial Relations

Employment and Unemployment

Conditions of Employment at Sea

India and I.L.O.'s Technical Cooperation Programme=559

Index=563