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Chapter One: Theory and Crime=1

Spiritual Explanations

Natural Explanations

Scientific TheOlies

Causation in Scientific Theories

Classical Criminology

Positivist Criminology

The Behavior of Criminal Law

The Relationship Among the Various Frames of Reference

Chapter Two: Classical and Positivist Criminology=14

The Social and Intellectual Background of Classical Criminology

Beccaria and the Classical School

The Transition to Positivist Criminology

Guerry and Quetelet

Cesare Lombroso

The Relation Between Positivist and Classical Theories

Conclusion

Chapter Three: Biological Factors and Criminal Behavior=31

Physical Appearance: Defectiveness

Physical Appearance: Body Type

Family Studies

Twin and Adoption Studies

Neurotransmitters

Hormones

The Central Nervous System

The Autonomic Nervous System

Environmentally Induced Biological Components of Behavior

Implications and Conclusions

Chapter Four: Psychological Factors and Criminal Behavior=55

Intelligence and Crime: Background Ideas and Concepts

IQ Tests and Criminal Behavior

Delinquency, Race, and IQ

Interpreting the Association Between Delinquency and IQ

Policy Implications of the IQ

Delinquency Link

Personality and Criminal Behavior

Antisocial Personality Disorder

Psychiatric Predictions of Future Dangerousness

Early Childhood Predictors of Later Crime and Delinquency

Impulsivity and Crime

Policy Implications of Personality Research

Conclusions

Chapter Five: Crime and Economic Conditions=84

Research on Crime and Economic Conditions: Contradictions and Disagreements

Crime and Unemployment: A Detailed Look at Research

Problems Interpreting Research on Crime and Economic Conditions

Implications and Conclusions

Chapter Six: Durkheim, Anomie, and Modernization=100

Emile Durkhein1

Crime as Normal in Mechanical Societies

Anomie as a Pathological State in Organic Societies

Assessing Durkheim's Theory of Crime

Conclusion

Chapter Seven: Neighborhoods and Crime=117

The Theory of Human Ecology

Research in the "Delinquency Areas" of Chicago

Policy Implications

Residential Succession, Social Disorganization, and Crime

Sampson's Theory of Collective Efficacy

Implications and Conclusions

Chapter Eight: Strain Theories=135

Robert K. Merton and Anomie in American Society

Strain as the Explanation of Gang Delinquency

Policy Implications

The Decline and Resurgence of Strain Theories

Strain in Individuals and in Societies: Negative Emotions and Institutional Anomie

Conclusion

Chapter Nine: Learning Theories=154

Basic Psychological Approaches to Learning

Tarde's Laws of Imitation

Sutherland's Differential Association Theory

Research Testing Sutherland's Theory

The Content of Learning: Cultural and Subcultural Theories

The Learning Process: Social Learning Theory

Implications

Conclusions

Chapter Ten: Control Theories=177

Early Control Theories: Reiss to Nye

Matza's Delinquency and Drift

Hirschi's Social Control Theory

Assessing Social Control Theory

Gottfredson and Hirschi's A General Theory of Crime

Assessing Gottfredson and Hirschi's General Theory

Implications and Conclusions

Chapter Eleven: Contemporary Classicism: Deterrence, Routine Activities, and Rational Choice=196

Early Deterrence Theory and Research

Three Types of Deterrence Research

Rational Choice and Offending

Routine Activities and Victimization

Routine Activities and Modernization

Conclusions

Chapter Twelve: The Meaning of Crime=209

The Meaning of Crime to the Self: Labeling Theory

The Meaning of Crime to the Criminal: Katz's Seductions of Grime

The Meaning of Crime to the Larger Society: Deviance and Social Reaction

State Power and the Meaning of Crime: Controlology

Implications and Conclusions

Chapter Thirteen: Conflict Criminology=227

Early Conflict Theories: Sellin and Vold

Conflict Theories in a Time of Conflict: Turk, Quinney, and Chambliss and Seidman

Black's Theory of the Behavior of Law

A U niRed Conflict Theory of Crime

Testing Conflict Criminology

Implications and Conclusions

Chapter Fourteen: Marxist and Postmodern Criminology=248

Overview of Marx's Theory

Marx on Crime, Criminal Law, and Criminal Justice

The Emergence of Marxist Criminology

Marxist Theory and Research on Crime

Overview of Postmodemism

Postmodem Criminology

Conclusion

Chapter Fifteen: Gender and Crime=267

The Development of Feminist Criminology

Schools of Feminist Criminology

Gender in Criminology

Why Are Women's Crime Rates So Low?

Why Are Men's Crime Rates So High?

Conclusions

Chapter 16: Age and Crime=283

The Great Debate: Criminal Careers, Longitudinal Research, and the Relationship Between Age and Clime

Criminal Propensity vs. Criminal Career

The Transition to Developmental Criminology

Thornberry's Interactional Theory

Sampson and Laub's Age-Graded Theory of Informal Social Control

Conclusions

Chapter Seventeen: Integrated Theories=301

Elliott's Integrated Theory of Delinquency and Dmg Use

The Falsification vs. Integration Debate

Braithwaite's Theory of Reintegrative Shaming

Tittle's Control Balance Theory

Vila's General Paradigm

Bernard and Snipes's Approach to Integrating Criminology Theories

Conclusion

Chapter Eighteen: Assessing Criminology Theories=318

Science, Theory, Research, and Policy

Individual Difference Theories

Structure/Process Theories

Theories of the Behavior of Criminal Law

Conclusion

Index=339

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Theoretical Criminology, the standard text in its field, has been extensively revised and completely updated. The fifth edition offers new sections on causation in scientific theories, Sampson's theory of collective efficacy, and Anderson's "code of the street." A new chapter on contemporary classicism includes sections on deterrence theory and research, routine activities theory, and rational choice theory. Also included is a new chapter that examines the role of gender in criminology theories, covering feminist criminology and theories of masculinity and crime. Each theory is presented accurately and comprehensively within its historical context. Relevant empirical research is reviewed and assessed, and research issues related to theory testing are also discussed. Lively and engaging, this new edition is designed to appeal to students at all levels. Offering the most precise, clear, and thorough presentation of criminology theories, Theoretical Criminology retains its premier position in the field of criminology.