영문목차

About the Series=xi

Preface by Char Miller=xiii

Chronology=xvii

African Dams: Did large dams contribute to the development of African nations?=1

The construction of large dams in Africa had more positive than negative impacts on local, national, and regional economies, agriculture, industry, and the health and well-being of millions of people on the continent./Robert K. Hitchcock=2

Large dams harmed the environment and often hurt low-income people, while the dam-related water supply and hydroelectricity overwhelmingly benefited large corporations and wealthy households./Patrick Bond=4

Arkansas River Valley: Why did the Arkansas River Valley, once a rich center of irrigated agricultural production, go into sharp decline in the second half of the twentieth century?=10

The decline of agriculture in the Arkansas River Valley was predictable due to the limitations of irrigation./James E. Sherow=11

The economic success of irrigation agriculture in the Arkansas River Valley was primarily dependent on national and international commodity prices over which the local farmers and water managers had little control./Kenneth R. Weber=13

The Baltic: What role did water-related environmental problems play in the collapse of communism in the Soviet bloc?=17

Environmental activism enjoyed widespread popular support in Poland in the 1980s, at a time when the Solidarity movement was suppressed. Once the Soviet bloc collapsed, however, environmentalism became less important than democratic reform and economic liberalization./Mark Cioc=18

Glasnost-era environmental activism in Estonia was not an opportunistic surrogate for anti-Soviet rhetoric, but a genuine movement to preserve and protect the water and land resources of the Baltic republic from the threatened expansion of Soviet-mandated phosphate and oil-shale mining operations./Robert W. Smurr=20

Big Dams: What was the effect of large dams in the American West?=25

Over the past century, dams provided enormous benefits in the American West by converting it into a more-livable region./Joe Simonds=26

Big dams provided much-needed flood control, storage, irrigation,and power, but those who designed and built them overlooked impacts on communities and the environment./Mark Harvey=28

Botswana: Was a policy of fencing and borehole development wise for the management of the Kalahari Desert in Botswana?=33

Fencing and boreholes promoted the expansion of the livestock industry that was essential for economic development in Botswana and consistent with the development objectives of the majority of its people./Jeremy Perkins=34

Fencing and boreholes promoted unsustainable exploitation of the Kalahari ecosystem at the expense of wildlife and wild foods upon which the livelihoods of rural people were based./Jeremy Perkins=36

Chesapeake: Why has the Chesapeake Bay oyster population declined so precipitously during the twentieth century, and what is the best solution to the problem of declining yields?=40

The oyster population declined because of natural downward cycles, disease, and poor water quality resulting from estuarine pollution and sedimentation. The best solution to the problem of declining yields is to employ limited, publicly funded repletion techniques that do not threaten the watermen's culture./Christine Keiner=41

The oyster population declined because of overharvesting, habitat destruction, and failure to implement adequate techniques of science-based management. The best solution is either to privatize the oyster commons and institute intensive cultivation practices or to establish permanent oyster-reef sanctuaries that are off-limits to commercial harvesting./Christine Keiner=46

Columbia River: Should the federal government have built The Dalles Dam that destroyed an important Indian fishery and cultural site?=51

Yes. While The Dalles Dam negatively affected salmon runs and the Indian fishery and village at Celilo, it was a key component of the comprehensive development of the Columbia River Basin, which has formed the backbone of the region's economy./Cain Allen=52

No. The Dalles Dam, which destroyed the dipnet fishery at Celilo and inundated old Celilo Village, was an agent of cultural and biological destruction that represented a direct violation of the Indian treaties of 1855./Cain Allen=55

Community Water Supply: How important is development of deepwater sources for communities in rural southern Africa?=62

Deepwater sources, because they are poorly monitored and often contaminated, have been less important to communities in rural southern Africa than traditional water-abstraction techniques./Stephen Hussey=62

Deepwater abstraction is an established and safe means of providing water for rural southern Africa./Stephen Hussey=66

Edwards Aquifer: Will thinking of the Edwards Aquifer of south-central Texas as a commons help resolve water conflicts in the region?=69

Many citizens do not view the Edwards Aquifer as a commons;instead, they believe its waters are a commodity to be extracted and sold within a regional marketplace./Frederick Meers Loxsom=70

The long-term viability of the Edwards Aquifer in South Texas depends on regional water management policies and practices, based upon a shared cultural construct of the aquifer as a commons rather than a simple commodity, subject only to the rules of the marketplace./John M. Donahue=72

Euphrates - Tigris Basin: Who has legal right to the water resources of the Euphrates-Tigris Basin, Syria or Turkey?=76

Turkey has the political and legal right to exploit the water resources of the Euphrates-Tigris Basin, though an agreement to resolve a whole nexus of water-related issues should be worked out among Turkey, Syria, and Iraq./Ibrahim Mazlum=77

Syria has strong historical and political claims to the Euphrates waters, though a comprehensive, environmentally and politically sustainable solution should be peacefully negotiated and given the force of international law./L.S. Schilcher=81

Finland: What were the factors that forced pulp-and-paper mills in Finland to stop polluting the lakes and rivers?=85

Regional and local environmentalists were the driving force behind the cleanup of the lakes and rivers of Finland. National legislation would have been ineffective without this push "from below."/Esa Konttinen=86

The environmental cleanup of the forest industry of Finland was a consequence of several factors, including national legislation, new paper-production technologies, and the greening of the international paper market./Jarmo Kortelainen=88

France: Was hydroelectric development an "ecological" choice in the context of post-World War II France?=92

Hydroelectric development of the Rhocircumflexne River demonstrates that ecological thinking played an appreciable role in post-1945 energy policies in France./Sara B. Pritchard=93

Hydroelectric development in postwar France was geared toward remolding and disciplining a nation and its resources. French technocrats viewed untamed rivers and unruly people as enemies./Robert L. Frost=96

Gabcikovo Dam: Were environmentalists who opposed the Gabcikovo-Nagymaros Dam project politically naive?=100

Yes. The Gabcikovo-Nagymaros project was a potent symbol of Slovakian independence in the 1990s, and those Slovak environmentalists who opposed the project on ecological grounds lost their popular support./Edward Snajdr=101

No. The Slovaks made a conscious decision to pursue their narrower nationalist interests or their broader goal of joining the European Union (EU)./Gabor Bihari=104

Grand Canyon: Should the Colorado River have been dammed?=108

Yes. Arizona politicians believed that diverting water from the Colorado River would ensure the growth of the state ceconomy and proposed building two dams in an unprotected section of the Grand Canyon to generate power and create water recreation for millions of people./Byron E. Pearson=109

No. Dams would threaten the Grand Canyon, one of the seven wonders of the natural world. There are many other ways to generate power, but there is only one Grand Canyon./Byron E. Pearson=112

Great Lakes: How did federal agencies in Canada and the United States respond to declining water quality in the Great Lakes?=116

In Canada, the need to present a united front when dealing with the United States helped the provincial and federal governments to overcome their differences./Jennifer Read=117

In the United States, the federal government ignored the cautious attitude of state-level authorities and promoted more-rapid abatement progress. The presence of another developed nation in the Great Lakes Basin also acted as a positive force for pollution control./Terence Kehoe=122

Indian Dams: Have large dams in India contributed to social and economic development in a sustainable and equitabel way?=125

Large dams in India have provided some benefits, but have also had many negative consequences, with a doubtful balance between costs and benefits. More equitable and environmentally benign ways of conserving and managing water resources are available and need to be given serious consideration/Ramaswamy R. lyer).=126

While failing to achieve projected benefits for social and economic development in a sustainable and equitable way, large dams in India have led to disastrous social, economic, environmental, and human consequences, including the loss of opportunities to develop alternatives, as well as the destruction of traditional water-harvesting technologie and management systems./Himanshu Thakkar=129

Jordan River Basin: What caused the water crisis in Israel and the Middle East?=135

The water crisis in Israel and neighboring countries occurred because of the Israeli misappropriation and overuse of the resources of the region./Daniel Morgan=135

A combination of climatic,demographic, economic, and political factors caused the water crisis in the Middle East./Susan H. Lees=138

Med Plan: Why has the Mediterranean Action Plan (Med Plan) failed to achieve its stated goal of ridding the Mediterranean Sea of its most pernicious pollutants?=142

The Med Plan was shaped by internationally organized scientists and environmental acivists. the absence of state capacity in that region has constrained cooperation and pollution control./Stacy D. Vandeveer=143

The Med Plan was a half-hearted measure to clean up the environment that was continued primarily because tourist dollars were at stake./J. R. McNeill=147

Mexican Water Treaty: What were the motivation behind regional support of the Mexican Water Treaty?=151

Arizona politicians supported the Mexican Water Treaty in an effort to expand irrigation and encourage development throughout the state./Evan Ward=153

Mexican officials viewed the Mexican Water Treaty and construction of Morelos Dam as Important, yet incomplete, steps to liberating Mexicali Valley from dependence on water from the Colorado River./Evan Ward=155

Mississippi River: Who and what were responsible for the massive 1964 fishkill along the lower Mississippi River?=160

Federal scientists determined that sloppy environmental management of the pesticide Endrin by a chemical company was to blame for the fishkill on Mississippi River./Craig E. Colten=160

No one was entirely responsible;but by focusing on management errors of a single company, the federal government avoided developing a broader public policy to protect overall water quality./Craig E. Colten=164

Native American Reservations: Should Native Americans govern water and land resources on reservations that are home to a significant number of non-lndians?=166

Non-lndian people who live within the exterior boundaries of Indian reservations should not be subject to the jurisdiction of tribal governments without their consent./Peter W.Sly=167

Native Americans, who were forced to give up most of their land, should exercise jurisdictional sovereignty over their reservations./Daniel McCool=171

Nuclear-power Plants: How did water issues affect the regulation of nuclear-power plants in the United States?=174

Water-quality issues significantly altered the character of nuclear regulation in the United States by generating new federal legislation and industrial reform, as well as undermining confidence in the environmental benefits of nuclear power./J. Samuel Walker=175

The system of local and state laws and regulations that governed water use in the United States democratized and decentralized the regulation of nuclear power./Thomas R. Wellock=176

Ogallala Aquifer: Are farmers on the western plains of the United States in danger of running out of water?=181

Yes. Continued heavy consumption of groundwater from the Ogallala Aquifer will deplete the resource and threaten future agricultural prosperity on the western plains./John Opie=182

No. The irrigation that revived the Plains can continue indefinitel through more efficient technologies and careful management./John Opie=183

Pacific Northwest: Was the Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle's effort to save Lake Washington a success?=188

Yes. The rescue of Lake Washington in Seattle is an example of How political, scientific, and technological solutions to declining water quality seemed to create a regional identity centered on protecting nuture and an outdoor lifestyle./Matthew W. Klingle=189

No. By enabling uncontrolled suburban growth in the Seattle area, regional wastewater treatment worsened water pollution in the long run while falsely suggesting that deeply rooted environmental problems in the United States were easily solvable./Matthew Booker=193

Pacific Salmon: Why are the Pacific salmon in crisis?=196

For more than a century, Pacific Northwesterners have refused to recognize limits to their consumption of salmon, and the rivers they depend upon, treating them as inexhaustible resources and ruining both./Matthew Booker=197

Over-reliance on hatcheries and the belief that technology can provide a remedy to declining habitat quality have been responsible for the decline of Pacific Salmon./Matthew W. Klingle=199

Rhine Canal: Is the ecological cost of the Rhine-Main-Danube Canal to the Altmudiaeresishl Valley justified by the economic benefit it promises?=204

The future economic benefits that the canal might bring to Central Europe have to be balanced against the ecological damage that it caused to the Altmudiaeresishi River valley./Reinhold Schneider=205

The canal was designed and constructed in an ecologically sensitive manner and should serve as a model for future canal construction./Mark Cioc=207

Riparian Ecosystems: Are Southwestern riparian ecosystems being managed effectively?=211

Yes. Management promoting naturalized abiotic factors, particularly the restoration of river flows and floods, is arguably the most appropriate course of action for reestablishing riparian ecosystems./Matt Chew=212

No. Current management of riparian ecosystems, based on both protected and controlled species, has resulted in an unproductive outcome./Matt Chew=215

Salmon Populations: Should the dams built on the Snake River be removed to revive the salmon runs?=219

Although not all hydroelectric dams along the Columbia River Basin will be removed, four along the Snake River, part of the Columbia watershed, can and must be breached to save salmon populations./Tim Palmer=220

Removing the dams might reverse the decline of salmon and restore the ecology of rivers, but for political and social reasons the dams are here to stay for the foreseeable future./Jack Ward Thomas;Stephanie Gripne=223

Salmon 2000: Will the Salmon 2000 Project make a significant contribution to the ecological restoration of the Rhine?=229

Salmon 2000 is largely a public relations effort on the part of the riparian states. The money would be better spent on restoring the lost floodplain of the Rhine./Mark Cioc=230

Salmon 2000 has helped draw public attention to the plight of the Rhine and thus has won support for more extensive projects in the future./Bruce Thompson=232

Southern Africa: Did the construction of large-scale hydroelectric dams and water-diversion projects benefit the people of southern Africa?=236

Yes. Dams and water-diversion projects made possible the expansion of European agriculture, industrial and mining enterprises, and the creation of modern nation-states in southern Africa./Kate B. Showers=237

No. Africans were not involved with the decision-making processes of dam and water-diversion projects in southern African and suffered serious negative consequences from their construction./Liane Greeff=241

Tisza Chemical Spill: What lessons can be learned about transboundary environmental conflicts from the January 2000 Tisza chemical spill in Romania?=247

Diplomatic and economic pressures make governments poor guardians of the environment. The best guarantors of environmental safety are regional, national, and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs)./Krista Harper=248

International mining companies view the environment as an "externality" and therefore do not calculate pollution and accidental spills into the costs of doing business in foreign countries. They do not put environmental safety first because they know they likely will not be held financially accountable./Michael Ash=252

U.S. Water Pollution: What factors most influenced water-pollution-control legislation by the U.S. Congress in the post-World War II era?=256

Congressional legislative policymaking was critical to the creation of water-resource and pollution controls between 1956 and 1972./Paul Milazzo=257

Public-interest advocacy between 1969 and 1972 was central to the debate over water-pollution controls./Thomas R. Huffman=263

U.S. Wetlands: Are wetlands a commons or private property?=271

Because they are a commons, it has been essential that the federal government buy up wetlands to maintain their viability./Ann Vileisis=272

Wetlands are both a commons as well as private property, and the legality of taking these lands by means of eminent domain is questionable./Kimberly R. Sebold=275

Water: Commodity: Should water be considered a commodity?=280

Urban water supply is an ordinary commodity, but one with important public-good aspects and considerable significance for the debate over privatization./John J. Boland=281

Because water is an essential public good of finite quantity, access to it should be on an equitable, rather than commodity, basis so that human and environmental health and functions are maintained./Gregory Ruiters=284

Appendix=289

Glossary=337

References=341

Notes on Contributors=347

Index=351