영문목차

What Is the Initiative & Referendum Institute?=xv

Acknowledgments=xvii

Introduction=xix

Chapter 1. The History of the Initiative and Referendum Process in the United States=3

Setting the Foundation for Initiative and Referendum=3

The Populist and Progressive Era=3

Popular Votes on Adopting the Initiative Process=5

The Modern Day Movement=6

Initiative Usage=6

The 2002 Election Cycle=8

The Future of the Initiative Process in the United States=8

Chapter 2. Comparison of Statewide Initiative Processes=11

Definitions／Availability=11

States with Direct (DA) and Indirect (IDA) Initiative Amendments;Direct (DS) and Indirect (IDS) Initiative Statutes and Popular (PR) Referendum=12

Similarities=12

The Indirect Initiative Process=13

Alaska=13

Maine=13

Massachusetts=13

Michigan=13

Mississippi=14

Nevada=14

Ohio=14

Utah=14

Washington State=14

Wyoming=14

Pre-Circulation Filing Requirements and Review=15

Pre-Circulation State Review of Initiative petitions=15

Ballot Title／Circulation Title／Summary=16

Circulation Title and Summary=16

Official Ballot Title and Summary=17

Subject Limitations=18

Initiative Subject Restrictions=18

Popular Referendum Limitations=19

Popular Referendum Limitations=19

Limits on the Number and Frequency of Ballot Measures=20

Limits on the Number and Frequency of Ballot Measures=20

Petition Circulator Requirements=20

Circulation Period=20

Signature Requirements=20

Net Number of Signatures Required for Initiatives=21

Signature Collection at Polling Locations=21

Signature Collection at Polling Locations=21

Geographic Distribution Requirements=22

Verification of Petition Signatures=22

Signature Verification Process=22

When Initiatives Can Appear on the Ballot=24

Publication of Initiatives=24

Voter Guide, Fiscal Impact and Pro／Con Argument Information=25

Voter Approval=26

Conflicting Measures=27

Amending Initiative Statutes and Veto Authority=27

Legislative and Executive Power to Change or Repeal Statutory Initiatives=27

Signature, Geographic Distribution and Single Subject (SS) Requirements for Initiative Petitions=28

Chapter 3. I&R in American Cities：Basic Patterns by John G. Matsusaka=31

Introduction=31

Initiative and Referendum in the Largest Cities=31

Table 1. Initiative and Referendum Provisions in the 20 Largest Cities, 2000=32

The ICMA Form of Government Survey=33

Table 2. ICMA Survey Questions Pertaining to Initiative and Referendum, 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996=34

Table 3. Availability of Initiative, 1981, 1986, 1991, 1996=35

Basic Patterns=35

Table 4. Percentage of Cities that Provide for the Initiative, by Region=36

Table 5. Percentage of Cities with the Initiative, by Population of City=36

Summary=36

Chapter 4. State-by-State History and Overview=37

Alabama=37

Alabama Constitution=37

Alaska=38

Statewide Initiative Usage=39

Statewide Initiatives=39

Alaska Constitution=40

Alaska Statutes=40

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Alaska=48

Statutes-Indirect Initiative process=48

Arizona=49

Statewide Initiative Usage=50

Statewide Initiatives=51

Arizona Constitution=56

Arizona Statutes=58

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Arizona=71

Statutes and Amendments-Direct Initiative Process=71

Arkansas=72

Statewide Initiative Usage=72

Statewide Initiatives=73

Arkansas Constitution=77

Arkansas Statutes=80

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Arkansas=90

Statutes and Amendments-Direct Initiative Process=90

California=91

Statewide Initiative Usage=93

Statewide Initiatives=93

California Constitution=110

California Statutes=112

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative Petition in California=142

Statutes and Amendments-Direct Initiative Process=142

Colorado=143

Statewide Initiative Usage=144

Statewide Initiatives=144

Colorado Constitution=153

Colorado Statutes=155

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Colorado=169

Statutes and Amendments-Direct Initiative Process=169

Connecticut=170

Connecticut constitution=170

Delaware=172

Delaware Constitution=172

Florida=173

Statewide Initiative Usage=174

Statewide Initiatives=174

Florida Constitution=174

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Florida=176

Amendments Only-Direct Initiative Process=176

Georgia=177

Georgia Constitution=177

Hawaii=179

Hawaii Constitution=179

Idaho=181

Statewide Initiative Usage=181

Statewide Initiatives=181

Idaho Constitution=183

Idaho Statutes=183

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Idaho=189

Statutes Only-Direct Initiative Process=189

Illinois=190

Statewide Initiative Usage=191

Statewide Initiatives=191

Illinois Constitution=191

Illinois Statutes=191

Indiana=200

Indiana Constitution=200

Iowa=200

Iowa Constitution=201

Kansas=201

Kansas Constitution=202

Kentucky=203

Kentucky Constitution=203

Louisiana=204

Louisiana Constitution=204

Maine=205

Statewide Initiative Usage=206

Statewide Initiatives=206

Maine Constitution=208

Maine Statutes=210

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Maine=213

Statutes Only-Indirect Initiative Process=213

Maryland=214

Maryland Constitution=214

Massachusetts=217

Statewide Initiative Usage=217

Statewide Initiatives=218

Massachusetts Constitution=220

Massachusetts Statutes=228

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Massachusetts=229

Statutes and Amendments-Indirect Initiative Process=229

Michigan=231

Statewide Initiative Usage=231

Statewide Initiatives=231

Michigan Constitution=234

Michigan Statutes=235

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Michigan=239

Statutes and Amendments-Direct Initiative Process(Amendments), Indirect Initiative Process(Statutes)=239

Minnesota=240

Minnesota constitution=241

Mississippi=242

Statewide Initiative Usage=243

Statewide Initiatives=243

Mississippi Constitution=243

Mississippi Statutes=245

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Mississippi=249

Amendments Only-Indirect Initiative Process=249

Missouri=250

Statewide Initiative Usage=250

Statewide Initiatives=251

Missouri Constitution=255

Missouri Statutes=256

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Missouri=265

Statutes and Amendments-Direct Initiative Process=265

Montana=266

Statewide Initiative Usage=267

Statewide Initiatives=267

Montana Constitution=269

Montana Statutes=270

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Montana=281

Statutes and Amendments-Direct Initiative Process=281

Nebraska=282

Statewide Initiative Usage=283

Statewide Initiatives=283

Nebraska Constitution=284

Nebraska Statutes=285

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Nebraska=293

Statutes and Amendments-Direct Initiative Process=293

Nevada=294

Statewide Initiative Usage=295

Statewide Initiatives=295

Nevada Constitution=296

Nevada Statutes=298

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Nevada=309

Amendments and Statutes-Indirect Initiative Process(Statutes), Direct Initiative Process(Amendments)=309

New Hampshire=310

New Hampshire Constitution=310

New Jersey=311

New Jersey constitution=311

New Mexico=312

New Mexico Constitution=312

New York=314

New York Constitution=314

North Carolina=316

North Carolina Constitution=316

North Dakota=317

Statewide Initiative Usage=318

Statewide Initiatives=318

North Dakota Constitution=326

North Dakota Statutes=327

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in North Dakota=330

Statutes and Amendments-Direct Initiative Process=330

Ohio=331

Statewide Initiative Usage=332

Statewide Initiatives=332

Ohio Constitution=335

Ohio Statutes=337

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Ohio=341

Statutes and Amendments-Indirect Initiative Process(Statutes), Direct Initiative Process(Amendments)=341

Oklahoma=342

Statewide Initiative Usage=344

Statewide Initiatives=344

Oklahoma Constitution=349

Oklahoma Statutes=351

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Oklahoma=357

Statutes and Amendments-Direct Initiative Process=357

Oregon=357

Statewide Initiative Usage=359

Statewide Initiatives=360

Oregon Constitution=371

Oregon Statutes=372

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Oregon=387

Statutes and Amendments-Direct Initiative Process=387

Pennsylvania=388

Pennsylvania constitution=388

Rhode Island=389

Rhode Island Constitution=389

South Carolina=390

South Carolina constitution=390

South Dakota=390

Statewide Initiative Usage=391

Statewide Initiatives=391

South Dakota Constitution=393

south Dakota Statutes=393

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in South Dakota=397

Statutes and Amendments-Direct Initiative Process=397

Tennessee=398

Tennessee Constitution=398

Texas=399

Texas Constitution=399

Utah=400

Statewide Initiative Usage=400

Statewide Initiatives=400

Utah Constitution=401

Utah Statutes=402

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Utah=424

Statutes Only-Direct and Indirect Initiative Process=424

Vermont=425

Vermont Constitution=425

Virginia=426

Virginia Constitution=426

Washington=427

Statewide Initiative Usage=428

Statewide Initiatives=428

Washington State Constitution=434

Washington State Statutes=435

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Washington=440

Statutes Only-Direct and Indirect Initiative Process=440

West Virginia=442

West Virginia Constitution=442

Wisconsin=443

Wisconsin Constitution=443

Wisconsin Statutes=444

Wyoming=445

Statewide Initiative Usage=446

Statewide Initiatives=446

Wyoming Constitution=446

Wyoming Statute=447

The Basic Steps to Do an Initiative in Wyoming=452

Statutes Only-Indirect Initiative Process=452

Chapter 5. Common Questions Regarding the Initiative Process=455

Does the Initiative Process Run Contrary to a Republican Form of Government?=455

Don't Hundreds of Initiatives Appear on the Ballot Every Election Cycle?=455

Are Voters Competent Enough to Vote on complex Issues?=456

What Impact Does Money Have in the Initiative Process?=456

Does the Initiative Process Impact Voter Turnout?=458

What Are the Fiscal Implications of the Initiative Process?=458

Chapter 6. The Courts and the Initiative Process by Kenneth P. Miller=459

Why are so many initiatives invalidated?=459

How much deference should courts give to initiatives and the initiative process?=460

Potential for voter backlash against the courts=460

Listing of major initiative and referendum court decisions=461

Chapter 7. Legislative Attempts to Regulate the Initiative and Referendum Process=469

States have banned paying petition circulators on a 'per signature' basis.=470

A) Florida=470

B) Mississippi=470

C) Washington State=470

D) North Dakota, Maine, and Wyoming=470

"Notice" requirement of circulators who are being paid.=471

A) Oregon=471

B) Arizona=471

C) California=471

D) Idaho=471

E) Colorado=472

Residency requirements for petition circulators=472

A) Nebraska=472

B) Colorado=473

C) Mississippi=473

Different voting schemes are used for legislation versus initiatives=473

Changes to the circulation period for initiatives=473

Changes to distribution requirements for initiatives=473

Similar restrictions are not imposed on lobbyists or other campaign workers=474

Sampling of major initiative legislation=474

1998 Legislation=474

1999 Legislation=475

2000 Legislation=475

2001 Legislation=475

Conclusion=475

Chapter 8. Polling=477

The People's Support of I&R=477

Portrait of America 1999-2000 Statewide Polling=477

Initiative & Referendum Institute National Survey=479

Chapter 9. A Sampling of Issues Brought Forth through the Initiative and Referendum Process=481

The Animal Protection Movement and I&R=482

Animal Protection Initiatives and Referendum=483

Drug Policy Reform Initiatives and Referenda=484

"Grassroots" Drug Policy Reform Initiative Campaigns=484

"Professional" Drug Policy Reform Initiatives and Referenda Campaigns=484

Medical Marijuana=485

Drug Treatment Instead of Incarceration=485

Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform=486

Post-Election Results=486

"Grassroots" Drug Policy Reform Initiative Campaigns=486

"Professional" Drug Policy Reform Initiative and Referendum Campaigns=487

Statewide Education Initiatives and Referendum=487

Paying for Public Education.=488

Opposing Public Education.=488

Determining School Policy.=488

Schools as a Social Prism.=489

Conclusion.=489

Major Education Related Initiatives=489

Statewide Death Penalty Initiatives and Referendum=490

Progressive Era 1912-1920=490

Developing conscience 1958-1970=491

"Tinkering with the Machinery of Death" 1972-Present=491

Initiatives Pertaining to the Death Penalty=492

A Brief History of Abortion Related Initiatives and Referendum=492

Initiatives and Referendum Pertaining to Abortion=493

A Brief History of Gay Rights Related Initiatives and Referendum=494

Statewide Initiatives and Referendum Pertaining to Gay Rights=495

A Brief History of I&R and the Tax Revolt=496

Significant Statewide Tax Related Initiatives=498

State Supermajority／Voter Approval For New Taxes13=498

Campaign Finance Reform and the I&R Process=499

Campaign Finance reform Initiatives=500

The Impact of the Initiative Process on Abolishing Poll Taxes=502

Initiatives Pertaining to the Abolishment of the Poll Tax=503

The Role of I&R in Aiding the Women's Suffrage Movement=503

Women's Suffrage Initiatives (I) and Legislative Referendum(LR)=504

Term Limits and the I&R Process=505

Congressional Action=505

Informed Voter Laws=506

Term Limits Today=507

Statewide Term Limits Initiatives=507

Control and the I&R Process=508

Gun Control at the state level=509

Conclusion=509

Major Gun control Initiatives=510

Alcohol and the Initiative and Referendum Process=510

Major Prohibition and Alcohol Related Initiatives=511

Major Environmental Ballot Initiatives and Referendum=514

Sprawl／Open Space=514

Toxics=514

Energy=514

Recycling=515

Natural Resource Preservation=515

Clean water=515

Factory Farms=516

Transportation=516

Leveraging the Initiative Process=516

Major Environmental Ballot Initiatives=516

Nuclear and Energy Related Initiatives=519

Chapter 10. The Issue of a National Initiative Process by Dennis Polhill=521

But Has the National Referendum Process Been Abused?=521

So What about National I&R in the United States?=521

National I&R Proposals=522

The "States Approach" to National I&R=523

Summary=523

Appendix=525

Section A:Timeline=525

Section B:Statements Regarding the Initiative and Referendum Process=528

Section C:Model I&R Legislation=532

Section D:Initiative Usage by Decade=533

Section E:Listing of Statewide Initiatives Since 1904=534

Section F:Initiative & Referendum Institute's 2002 General Election Post Election Report=604

So how did the top initiatives do?=604

So how did the top legislative referendum do?=606

A few honorable mentions=606

So what does all of this mean?=607

How the states rank=607

The top five most prolific ballots this November by total number of ballot measures=607

The rest of the country=607

The top five most prolific ballots this November by total number of initiatives=608

The top five most prolific ballots this November by total number of legislative referendum=609

State-by-state listing=609

Overall State Rankings=641

Index=643