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Chapter 1. People and Markets(Microeconomics)=1

The Invisible Hand of the Market=3

From Mercantilism to Market Economy=3

Monopolies and the Cournot Point=6

References for Further Reading:=8

Competition in Theory and in Practice=9

From "Perfect Competition" to Dynamic Competition=9

Competition Policy:Harvard versus Chicago=11

Natural Monopolies and Government Market Access Barriers=14

References for Further Reading:=16

Prices, Costs and Profits=16

Alfred Marshall's Scissor Theorem=16

The Laws of Large-Scale Production and Their Limits=19

Turgot's Law of Returns and Marshall's Producers' Surplus=20

Trade Margins and Speculation=22

Fair Prices and Government Intervention Into Markets=24

References for Further Reading:=26

The Utility and Real Value of Commodities=27

The Classical Paradox of Value and Gossen's Laws=27

Pareto Optimality and Distribution of Income=30

Consumer Sovereignty and Merit Goods=32

References for Further Reading:=34

Causes of Market Failure=34

Should the State Act as Night Watchman?=34

Natural Collective Goods=36

The Non-Applicability of the Exclusion Principle=37

Externalities and Environmental Problems=38

Are Environmental Taxes and Charges Unjust?=41

Voluntary Negotiations:The Coase Theorem=42

The Environment and Politics=43

References for Further Reading:=45

Fair Wages and the Right to Work=45

ThSmall u, umlaut marknen's Equation for a Natural Wage=45

Karl Marx's Labour Theory of Value=47

Problems of Socialism=49

The Pareto Curve=50

Minimum Wages and Maximum Income Limits?=52

Productivity and Wage Rates=54

References for Further Reading:=55

The Mystery of Capital and Interest=56

Interest Rates and Bans on Interest=56

Who do Capital Gains Belong to?=58

BSmall o, umlaut markhm-Bawerk's Third Reason=60

Paradoxes of Capital Theory=61

Natural Interest Rates and Monetary Policy=64

References for Further Reading:=67

Chapter 2. Crises of Market Economies(Macroeconomics)=69

How Does Money Enter the Economy?=71

From Shell Money to the Peel Banking Act=71

Money Supply and Price Levels=76

References for Further Reading:=79

Business Cycles and Shortages in Demand=79

FranSmall c, cedillaois Quesnay's Tableau Economique=79

The Say Theorem=82

Marx's Theory of Crises and the Theory of the Purchasing Power of Wages=84

The Keynesian Revolution=86

References for Further Reading:=89

Why Do Business Cycles Fluctuate?=90

Knife-Edge Growth=9o

Aftalion's Use of Fire as an Example:The Accelerator Principle=94

Business Cycle Policy:Is it Possible to Master the Chaos?=96

Business Cycle Theory at a Political Level=97

The Influence of Politicians on the Business Cycle=98

References for Further Reading:=100

Does Technical Progress Destroy Jobs?=101

The Release Theory versus the Compensation Theory=10l

Irksome Structural Changes=104

References for Further Reading:=107

Inflation and Unemployment=108

The Quantity Theory=108

The Controversy about the Philips Curve=111

The Bullionist Controversy=114

References for Further Reading:=116

Growth and Wealth=117

In Praise of Saving=117

Shortages of Capital and Underdevelopment=119

The Golden Rule of Accumulation=120

The Connection Between Interest Rates and Growth Rates=123

References for Further Reading:=125

Limits of Economic Growth=125

The Oil Price Shocks of the 1970s=125

Are the World's Raw Materials Running Out?=128

The "Robber-Booty" Problem and the Hotelling Rule=129

Is there any Justice for Future Generations?=132

References for Further Reading:=134

Chapter 3. Trade and changes in the world economy(Foreign trade)=135

Should We Protect Ourselves from Cheap Competition from Abroad?=137

From Mercantilism to the Free Trade Theory=137

Ricardo's Theorem of Comparative Cost Advantages=140

Arguments Advanced for Duties=141

Dumping and Protectionism=144

References for Further Reading:=147

Winners and Losers in World Trade=147

Do Large Countries Have Big Advantages?=147

Are the Countries that Have Raw Materials Being Exploited?=149

The Effect of the Terms of Trade and the Optimal Tariff=150

References for Further Reading:=152

When National Economies Run into Debt=153

What Is a Balance in Foreign Trade?=153

Equilibrium in the Balance of Payments and the J-Curve Effect=154

Are Deficits in the Balance of Payments a Sign of Weakness?=156

References for Further Reading:=158

Will International Competition Lead to Falling Wages?=159

The Factor-Proportions Theorem=159

Factor Price Equalization and the Stolper-Samuelson Theorem=161

Globalization and Dynamic Competition=163

References for Further Reading:=165

Globalization and Competition Between Locations=165

Mobile Capital-Falling Wages?=165

Is the Competition between Locations a Zero-Sum Game?=167

Migration of Labour=168

References for Further Reading:=171

The History of the Currency System=172

The Gold Standard and its Demise=172

Bretton Woods and Triffin's Dilemma=175

Fixed Exchange Rates Cannot be Enforced=179

References for Further Reading:=180

Why Does the Dollar Rate Fluctuate?=180

The Purchasing-Power Parity Theory and its Limits=180

The Role of the International Flow of Capital=183

Currency Speculation=185

Can Monetary Union Help?=188

Monetary Policy in the Hotel Foyer=190

References for Further Reading:=191

Chapter 4. The State and Social Matters(Public Finance)=193

The State and its Role in the Economy=195

Rule of Law or Rule of the Elite?=195

The Church and the State=198

Mercantilism and Socialism=199

Ordoliberalism=202

References for Further Reading:=203

Democracy and Market Economy=204

Is there a "Third Way"?=204

Co-determination of Workers=205

Arrow's Voting Paradox=207

Is Federalism an Answer?=210

References for Further Reading:=211

Social Aspects of a Market Economy=212

From the "Coal Miners' Penny" to the Welfare State=212

Is there an Optimal Rate of Government Outlays?=215

The "Magic Triangle" of Social Policy=218

References for Further Reading:=220

Taxes and Justice=220

Who Should Pay how Much in Taxes?=220

Limits of Social Justice=222

Pro and Contra Poll Taxes=225

References for Further Reading:=229

Family Policy and Provision for Old Age=229

Birth Rates and Social Protection=229

Pay-as-You-Go Systems or Capital-Funded Systems?=231

Abundance of Children as an Economic Asset=234

Subsidiarity Principle or Welfare State Principle?=235

References for Further Reading:=237

Economic Laws and Juridical Thinking=238

Can Values be Classified Unequivocally?=238

Good Intentions and Negative Consequences=240

Sisyphus or Hercules?=242

References for Further Reading:=242

The Welfare State and Unemployment=243

Is Full Employment Possible at All?=243

Natural Unemployment and Mismatch=244

The Poverty Trap and Wage Autonomy=246

Costs of Social Protection and Negative Income Tax=249

References for Further Reading:=252

Index of Names=253

Subject Index=257

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An easy-to-read and comprehensive description of the world of economics.

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The economies of the European Union are today highly integrated. Constitutive part of this high degree of integration is the euro which unites most of the Member Stateswithintheeuro-zone. Inordertoensureprosperityandstabilityofthis Union in the spirit of the European Stability and Growth Pact, economic policies in both the Union and its Member States need to be monitored and co-ordinated appropriately. This applies in particular also because of the enlargement process which adds a further dimension to the continuous challenge of having to deal with different economic policy concepts and traditions in our Union. Understandingtheeconomicandsocio-politicaldebatesintheindividualM- ber States of the Union and elsewhere requires a solid knowledge not only of the economic but also of the social and historical background of these debates. In economics, more than in the natural sciences, human norms and conflicts play a central role in addition to logical relationships and empirical findings. Therefore, looking only at economic formulae and empirical facts will not be enough. Most economic textbooks, especially from the Anglo-Saxon area, tend to c- centrate more on the technically correct and often model-based presentation of their subject-matter than on its socio-political background. However, in view of the significance of economic reality for every citizen in Europe, it is also important to reach those who have not obtained a university degree in economics.