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Introduction to Carbon Materials Research 1
Mildred S. Dresselhaus
Phaedon Avouris
Historical Introduction 1
Basic Background 3
References 8
Relation of Carbon Nanotubes to Other Carbon 11
Materials
Morinobu Endo
Bonding Between Carbon Atoms 12
Graphite 14
Graphite Whiskers 17
Carbon Fibers 17
History of Carbon Fibers in Relation to 21
Carbon Nanotubes
Liquid Carbon 23
Graphite Intercalation Compounds 25
References 26
Nanotube Growth and Characterization 29
Hongjie Dai
Nanotube Growth Methods 30
Arc-Discharge and Laser Ablation 30
Chemical Vapor Deposition 32
General Approach and Mechanism 32
Single-Walled Nanotube Growth and 34
Optimization
Growth Mode of Single-Walled Nanotubes in 38
CVD
Gas Phase Catalytic Growth 39
Controlled Nanotube Growth by Chemical 39
Vapor Deposition
Aligned Multi-Walled Nanotube Structures 40
Directed Growth of Single-Walled Nanotubes 41
Growth of Isolated Nanotubes on Specific 44
Surface Sites
From Growth to Molecular-Wire Devices 45
Electrical Properties of Individual 45
Nanotubes
Nanotube Electromechanical Properties and 47
Devices
Conclusions 50
References 51
Growth Mechanisms of Carbon Nanotubes 55
Jean-Christophe Charlier
Sumio Iijima
Experimental Facts for Growth Models 56
Open- or Close-Ended Growth for 57
Multi-walled Nanotubes?
Macroscopic Model for Multi-walled Nanotube 63
Growth
``Lip-lip'' Interaction Models for 63
Multi-walled Nanotube Growth
Is Uncatalyzed Growth Possible for 66
Single-Shell Nanotubes?
Catalytic Growth Mechanisms for 67
Single-Shell Nanotubes
Catalytic Growth Mechanism for Nanotube 73
Bundles
Root Growth Mechanism for Single-Shell 75
Conclusion 77
References 79
Nanotubes from Inorganic Materials 81
Reshef Tenne
Alex K. Zettl
Categorizing Different Inorganic Compounds 84
Forming Nanotubular Structures
Synthesis of Inorganic Nanotubes 85
Thermodynamic and Topological Considerations 96
Physical Properties 98
Band Structure Calculations 99
Optical Studies in the UV and Visible 101
Raman Spectroscopy 104
Mechanical Properties 105
Applications 107
Conclusions 108
References 109
Electronic Properties, Junctions, and Defects 113
of Carbon Nanotubes
Steven G. Louie
Geometric and Electronic Structure of 114
Electronic and Transport Properties of 121
On-Tube Structures
Nanotube Junctions 122
Impurities, Stone-Wales Defects, and 128
Structural Deformations in Metallic
Nanotube Ropes, Crossed-Tube Junctions, and 133
Effects of Long-Range Perturbations
Ropes of Nanotubes 133
Crossed-Tube Junctions 135
Effects of Long-Range Disorder and 137
External Perturbations
Summary 141
References 142
Electrical Transport Through Single-Wall 147
Zhen Yao
Cees Dekker
Transport in Individual Nanotubes 148
Device Geometry and Room-Temperature 148
Characterization
Electrical Contacts 148
Field-Effect Transistors with 150
Semiconducting Nanotubes
Low-Temperature Mesoscopic Electron 151
Transport
Coulomb Blockade and Transport 151
Spectroscopy
Superconducting Proximity Effect 153
Electron-Electron and Electron-Phonon 154
Interactions
Electron Correlations and 154
Luttinger-Liquid Behavior
Large-Bias Transport and Phonon Scattering 157
Nanotube Junctions and Electromechanical 158
Effects
Intramolecular Junctions 158
Crossed Junctions 159
Electromechanical Effects 160
Summary 160
Transport in Single Wall Nanotube Ropes 161
Scattering and Localization Phenomena 161
Weak Localization 161
Spin Effects 166
Strong Localization 166
Inter-Tube Transport in Nanotube Ropes 167
Conclusion 168
References 168
Scanning Probe Microscopy Studies of Carbon 173
Teri Wang Odom
Jason H. Hafner
Charles M. Lieber
Expectations from Theory 174
Scanning Tunneling Microscopy Studies of 176
Electronic Properties of Nanotubes
Atomic Structure and Electronic 176
Properties of Single-Walled Carbon
Carbon Nanotube Atomic Structure 177
Spectroscopy: Metals and Semiconductors 178
One-Dimensional Band Structure of 179
Localized Structures in Nanotubes 182
Bent and Twisted Nanotubes 182
SWNT Ends: Structure and Electronic 184
Properties
Finite-Size SWNTs 185
Quantum Effects in Carbon Nanotubes 186
Coulomb Charging in SWNTs 189
Future Directions 190
Manipulation of Nanotubes with Scanning 191
Probe Microscopies
Manipulation of Nanotubes on Surfaces 191
Nanotube Mechanical Properties 194
Making Nanotube Devices 195
Nanotube Probe Microscopy Tips 197
Mechanical Assembly of Nanotube Tips 198
CVD Growth of Nanotube Tips 199
Resolution of Nanotube Probes 201
Applications in Structural Biology 202
Applications in Chemical Force Microscopy 204
and Force Spectroscopy
Conclusions 206
References 207
Optical Properties and Raman Spectroscopy of 213
Riichiro Saito
Hiromichi Kataura
Theoretical Issues 214
Electronic Structure and Density of 214
States of SWNTs
Trigonal Warping Effects in the DOS 220
Windows
Phonon Properties 224
Experiment Issues 226
Diameter-Selective Formation of SWNTs 226
Sample Preparation and Purification 227
Diameter-Dependent Optical Absorption 228
Diameter-Dependent Resonance Raman 231
Scattering
Stokes and Anti-Stokes Spectra in 234
Resonant Raman Scattering
Bundle Effects on the Optical Properties 236
of SWNTs (Fano Effect)
Resonance Raman Scattering of MWNTs 239
Summary 242
References 244
Electron Spectroscopy Studies of Carbon 247
Jorg H. Fink
Philippe Lambin
Electron Spectroscopies 248
Graphite and C60 251
Occupied States of Carbon Nanotubes 257
Unoccupied States of Carbon Nanotubes 261
Excited States on Carbon Nanotubes 261
Intercalated Single-Wall Nanotubes 267
Summary 269
References 270
Phonons and Thermal Properties of Carbon 273
James Hone
Specific Heat 273
Specific Heat of 2-D Graphene and 3-D 273
Graphite
Specific Heat of Nanotubes 275
Specific Heat of SWNT Ropes and MWNTs 277
Measured Specific Heat of SWNTs and MWNTs 278
Thermal Conductivity 281
Thermal Conductivity of MWNTs 282
Thermal Conductivity of SWNTs 283
References 285
Mechanical Properties of Carbon Nanotubes 287
Boris I. Yakobson
Mechanical Properties and Mesoscopic 287
Duality of Nanotubes
Mechanics of the Small: Common Definitions 289
Experimental Observations 291
Measurements of the Young's modulus 292
Evidence of Nonlinear Mechanics and 294
Resilience of Nanotubes
Attempts of Strength Measurements 297
Theoretical and Computational Models 299
Theoretical Results on Elastic Constants 299
of Nanotubes
Nonlinear Elastic Deformations and Shell 302
Model
Atomistics of High Strain-Rate Failure 308
Yield Strength and Relaxation Mechanisms 310
in Nanotubes
Supramolecular Interactions 317
Nanotube-Substrate and Nanotube-Nanotube 317
Interactions: Binding and Distortions
Manipulation of the Position and Shape of 319
Self-Organization of Carbon Nanotubes: 320
Nanotube Ropes, Rings, and Ribbons
Summary: Nanomechanics at a Glance 323
References 325
Physical Properties of Multi-wall Nanotubes 329
Laszlo Forro
Christian Schonenberger
Production Methods and Purification 330
Crystallographic Structure 332
Crystallographic Structure as Seen by 332
HRTEM
Filling of Carbon Nanotubes 335
Electronic Properties of Multi-wall Carbon 337
Multi-wall Nanotubes in Relation to 338
Graphene Sheets
Electrical Transport in MWNTs: A Brief 345
Review
Hall-Effect and Thermopower in Assembled 346
Electrical Transport Measurement 349
Techniques for Single MWNTs
Electrical Measurements on Single MWNTs 351
Magnetotransport 355
Spectroscopy on Contacted MWNTs 360
Spectroscopy Using Scanning Tunneling 363
Probes
Discussion of the Main Issues 364
Magnetic Properties 365
Spin Relaxation in Quasi-1-D Systems 366
Spin Relaxation in Carbon Nanotubes 367
Field and Light Emission 370
Field Emission 371
Light Emission Coupled to Electron 373
Emission
Light Emission Induced by STM 375
Mechanical Properties 376
Young's Modulus of MWNTs 378
Disorder Effect 379
Comparison with SWNTs 380
Deformation of MWNTs 381
Summary 383
References 384
Applications of Carbon Nanotubes 391
Pulickel M. Ajayan
Otto Z. Zhou
Potential Application of CNTs in Vacuum 394
Microelectronics
Prototype Electron Emission Devices Based 398
on Carbon Nanotubes
Cathode-Ray Lighting Elements 398
Flat Panel Display 399
Gas-Discharge Tubes in Telecom Networks 399
Energy Storage 401
Electrochemical Intercalation of Carbon 402
Nanotubes with Lithium
Hydrogen Storage 404
Filled Composites 406
Nanoprobes and Sensors 413
Templates 415
Challenges and Potential for Carbon 418
Nanotube Applications
Conclusions 420
References 421
Index 427
이용현황보기
After a short introduction and a brief review of the relation between carbon nanotubes, graphite and other forms of carbon, the synthesis techniques and growth mechanisms for carbon nanotubes are described. This is followed by reviews on nanotube electronic structure, electrical, optical, and mechanical properties, nanotube imaging and spectroscopy, and nanotube applications.
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