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Acknowledgements ix
Introduction: citizenship and discipline 1
PART I
The French moment 11
1 State construction and recruitment policy in the ancien regime 13
From feudal recruitment to touting 13
The militia (and how to escape from it) 18
The soldier and the state 23
2 The Enlightenment and military service 28
Virtue-politics 28
Rousseau and the military: a PhilosoPhy of civic practice 33
Citizen-soldiers 37
3 Popular arming and military service in the French Revolution 46
The formation of the National Guard 46
TPe 1789-90 debate on the 'military constitution' 53
Armed forces and volunteer levies in 1791-3 56
Citizenship or discipline? 62
Unifying the public force 69
4 The revolutionary state and the 'nation in arms' 77
Quatre-vingt-treize 78
'Death is a reminder of equality': the self-creation of the people 83
Abstraction and identification 89
Military experiences 97
Constructing a popular state 102
Transition: technologies of the state from France to Prussia 110
PART II
The Prussian moment 115
5 The military, society, and the state in old regime Prussia 117
State construction and military duties 117
The establishment of the canton system 121
Social imPlementation 126
Criticism of the Prussian military system 131
6 German idealism and military service 140
The challenge of revolutionary war to German culture 140
Interpreting the French Revolution 144
Kant's 'heroic humiliation' 149
Fichte's inner frontier 155
7 Conscription in the reformed Prussian state 163
Empowering the nation 163
The principles of the military reform 168
Creating a body politic 172
PrinciPles of stratification 178
The path to national war 182
8 National war and conscription 190
Organizing an insurrection 190
Constitution and terror 196
Popular arming 204
Conscription 209
Conclusion 213
Notes 218
Bibliography 231
Index 253
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This book examines the creation of ‘national armies’ through compulsory military service in France and Prussia during the French Revolution and the Prussian Reform Period.
The French Revolution tried to establish military and political structures in which the armed forces and society would merge. In order to ensure that the army would never become a means of oppression against the people, the whole population should thus ‘be’ the army. Defeated by the enormous military potential that these new political settings had unchained in France, Prussia adapted the French innovations to its own needs, thus laying the basis for its contributions to the victories of the coalition troops in 1813-15.
Conscription had implications that went beyond the purely military sphere and involved assumptions about the nature of the state and its relationship to its citizens. It was the material basis of Napoleon’s campaigns and of the German ‘wars of national liberation’ of 1813-15, before becoming a cornerstone of the Prussian Reforms and the creation of a civil society ‘from above’. Military service has therefore been one of the most essential and contradictory institutions of the modern nation-state.
Citizens, Soldiers and National Armies will be of interest to historians of modern Europe, military historians and students of intellectual history in general.
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