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Preface ix
Acknowledgements xi
1 Introduction: Software within the information society 1
1.1 Problems with software 1
1.2 The ubiquity of software 4
1.3 A changing world 7
1.4 Rationality and its limitations 9
1.5 How this book will address this issue 15
Exercises 17
I The social and organisational context 19
2 Organisation and business context 21
2.1 Modelling organisations 22
2.2 Inside organisations 24
2.3 New and evolving systems 29
2.4 Return on investment 31
2.5 Relationship between software and the organisation 35
2.6 Knowledge management and learning organisations 38
2.7 Change and learning 41
2.8 Software enterprise learning 43
Exercises 48
3 Economic and social context 52
3.1 Individual motivation to work 53
3.2 Global views of motivation 57
3.3 Human resource development 63
3.4 Organisational motivation and market forces 65
3.5 From market failure to the gratis economy 67
Exercises 72
4 Ethics, codes, and standards 75
4.1 Introduction 75
4.2 Ethics and morality 76
4.3 Self-regulation and voluntary codes 80
4.4 Standards 84
Exercises 91
5 Software and the law 94
5.1 Why law is necessary 94
5.2 Intellectual property rights 96
5.3 Contracts 111
5.4 Responsibilities to employees and the public 117
5.5 External threats 122
Exercises 124
II Processes for acquiring and evolving software 127
6 Software acquisition 129
6.1 Finding software 129
6.2 Legacy software 132
6.3 BuYing software off the shelf 136
6.4 Obtaining 'free' software 142
6.5 Acquiring software as a service 148
6.6 Bespoke development, outsourcing and offshoring 151
6.7 Software acquisition decisions 157
Exercises 160
7 Software activities 163
7.1 Introduction 163
7.2 Requirements elicitation 165
7.3 Initial estimates of cost 170
7.4 Requirements specification 171
7.5 Cost-benefit estimation 173
7.6 Architectural design 174
7.7 Work breakdown and scheduling 176
7.8 Detailed design 177
7.9 Progress monitoring 178
7.10 Coding and unit testing 179
7.11 Integration testing 181
7.12 System testing 182
7.13 Acceptance and system release 183
7.14 Maintenance and evolution 184
7.15 Quality assurance 185
Exercises 187
8 Software processes 190
8.1 Introduction 191
8.2 Classic process models - sequential and incremental 193
8.3 Resolving uncertainties - iteration, evolution and participation 198
8.4 Resolving uncertainties - formal methods 205
8.5 Flexible about functions - timeboxing and rapid application development 205
8.6 Design-driven processes 207
8.7 Open Source methods 213
8.8 Agile processes 215
Exercises 220
9 Maintaining and evolving software 223
9.1 Introduction 223
9.2 Long-life software 225
9.3 Software decay and death 229
9.4 Software recovery and rejuvenation 236
9.5 Maintainability and evolvability 242
9.6 Management guidance 247
Exercises 255
III Managing software processes 259
10 Managing resources 261
10.1 Introduction 262
10.2 Setting up a project 264
10.3 Setting project budgets and timescales 269
10.4 Scheduling and controlling projects 285
10.5 Managing the project in context 291
Exercises 300
11 Managing work-products and digital assets 303
11.1 Introduction 303
11.2 Software configuration management 304
11.3 Change control 318
11.4 Configuration management tools 325
Exercises 332
12 Managing quality 335
12.1 Introduction 335
12.2 Quality and what it means 337
12.3 Quality frameworks 353
Exercises 364
13 Managing uncertainty and risk 366
13.1 Introduction 366
13.2 Types of risks 367
13.3 Causes and consequences of failure 369
13.4 Software risk management 374
13.5 Risk identification 377
13.6 Risk mitigation 380
Exercises 384
14 Conclusion: The way forward 387
14.1 Beginning with problems 387
14.2 Change is inevitable 389
14.3 The controlling response 390
14.4 Value from the human component 391
14.5 Build on top of past great products 392
14.6 Pervasiveness, mobility, and nomadic IT 392
14.7 Going with the flow 393
Appendix A: Modelling notations 395
A.l Modelling with diagrams 395
A.2 Data-flow modelling 396
A.3 Data modelling 402
Appendix B: Measurement theory 406
Glossary 409
Index 429
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