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Appendix of Sources=xi

Editors' Introduction / Matthew S. Shugart ; David M. Farrell=xxi

Volume I. General : Classification and Analytical Tools

1. The Classification of Electoral Systems / Andre Blais=1

2. The Field of Electoral Systems Research : A Critical Survey / Arend Lijphart=13

3. Mixed-Member Electoral Systems : A Definition and Typology / Matthew Soberg Shugart ; Martin P. Wattenberg=29

4. How the World Votes : The Political Consequences of Ballot Design, Innovation and Manipulation / Andrew Reynolds ; Marco Steenbergen=45

5. The Duvergerian Macro-Agenda : Half Completed / Rein Taagepera=75

6. Proportionality, Disproportionality and Electoral Systems / Michael Gallagher=87

7. "Effective" Number of Parties : A Measure with Application to West Europe / Markku Laakso ; Rein Taagepera=109

8. The Theoretical Limits of Maximum Distortion : Some Analytic Expressions for Electoral Systems / John Loosemore ; Victor J. Hanby=127

9. Mapping the Indices of Seats―Votes Disproportionality and Inter-Election Volatility / Rein Taagepera ; Bernard Grofman=139

Volume II. Duverger's Law

10. The Number of Parties / Maurice Duverger=1

11. The Two-Party System and Duverger's Law : An Essay on the History of Political Science / William H. Riker=63

12. The Endogeneity Problem in Electoral Studies : A Critical Re-examination of Duverger's Mechanical Effect / Kenneth Benoit=89

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Volume II. Duverger's Law

10. The Number of Parties / Maurice Duverger=1

11. The Two-Party System and Duverger's Law : An Essay on the History of Political Science / William H. Riker=63

12. The Endogeneity Problem in Electoral Studies : A Critical Re-examination of Duverger's Mechanical Effect / Kenneth Benoit=89

13. The Psychological Impact of Electoral Laws : Measuring Duverger's Elusive Factor / André Blais ; R.K. Carty=101

14. It's Parties that Choose Electoral Systems(or, Duverger's Laws Upside Down) / Josep M. Colomer=117

15. Electoral Rules and Electoral Coordination / G. Cox=139

16. Duverger's Law and the Size of the Indian Party System / Rekha Diwakar=157

17. The Political Consequences of Electoral Laws, 1945-85 / Arend Lijphart=179

18. Electoral Institutions, Ethnopolitical Cleavages, and Party Systems in Africa's Emerging Democracies / Shaheen Mozaffar ; James R. Scarritt ; Glen Galaich=197

19. Ethnic Heterogeneity, District Magnitude, and the Number of Parties / Peter C. Ordeshook ; Olga V Shvetsova=221

20. Electoral Institutions, Cleavage Structures, and the Number of Parties / Octavio Amorim Neto ; Gary W. Cox=243

21. Rehabilitating Duverger's Theory : Testing the Mechanical and Strategic Modifying Effects of Electoral Laws / William Roberts Clark ; Matt Golder=265

22. Structure and Behaviour : Extending Duverger's Law to the Japanese Case / Steven R. Reed=291

23. Seat Share Distribution of Parties : Models and Empirical Patterns / Rein Taagepera ; Mirjam Allik=313

24. Learning to Make Votes Count : The Role of Democratic Experience / Margit Tavits ; Taavi Annus=335

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Volume III. Electoral System Design and Performance

25. On the Political and Social Effects of Different Methods of Electing Representatives / Henry Richmond Droop=1

26. The Electoral Sweet Spot : Low-Magnitude Proportional Electoral Systems / John M. Carey ; Simon Hix=27

27. Setting the Rules of the Game : The Choice of Electoral Systems in Advanced Democracies / Caries Boix=53

28. Reading History Forward : The Origins of Electoral Systems in European Democracies / Amel Ahmed=81

29. Expert Opinion on Electoral Systems : So Which Electoral System Is "Best"? / Shaun Bowler ; David M. Farrell ; Robin T Pettitt=109

30. Democratic Electoral Systems around the World, 1946-2000 / Matt Golder=125

31. A Guide to the Constitutional Structures and Electoral Systems of East, South and Southeast Asia / Allen Hicken ; Yuko Kasuya=145

32. The Study of the Politics of Electoral Reform in the 1990s : Theoretical and Methodological Lessons / Gideon Rahat=173

33. Electoral "Efficiency" and the Move to Mixed-Member Systems / Matthew Soberg Shugart=193

34. To Adopt or Not to Adopt Proportional Representation : The Politics of Institutional Choice / André Blais ; Agnieszka Dobrzynska ; Indridi H. Indridason=215

35. Explaining Majoritarian Modification : The Politics of Electoral Reform in the United Kingdom and British Columbia / Matthew Flinders=227

36. Evaluating Political Reform in Japan : A Midterm Report / Steven R. Reed=251

37. Democratization and Electoral Reform in the Asia-Pacific Region : Is There an "Asian Model" of Democracy? / Benjamin Reilly=273

38. Ballot Position Effects / R. Darcy ; Ian McAllister=293

39. Preferential Voting and Political Engineering : A Comparative Study / Ben Reilly=309

40. Electoral Laws as Political Consequences : Explaining the Origins and Change of Electoral Institutions / Kenneth Benoit=327

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Volume IV. Geography and Intraparty Effects

A. Electoral Systems and Geography

41. Electoral Systems and Unimagined Consequences : Partisan Effects of Districted Proportional Representation / Burt L. Monroe ; Amanda G. Rose=3

42. The Value of a Vote : Malapportionment in Comparative Perspective / David Samuels ; Richard Snyder=37

43. Geographical Representation under Proportional Representation : The Cases of Israel and the Netherlands / Michael Latner ; Anthony McGann=59

44. The Components of Elections : District Heterogeneity, District-time Effects, and Volatility / Scott Morgenstern ; Richard F. Potthoff=85

45. Electoral Institutions, Hometowns, and Favored Minorities : Evidence from Japanese Electoral Reforms / Shigeo Hirano=111

B. The Intraparty Dimension

46. Incentives to Cultivate a Personal Vote : A Rank Ordering of Electoral Formulas / John M. Carey ; Matthew Soberg Shugart=143

47. Preferential Voting : Incidence and Effects / Lauri Karvonen=171

48. Legislator Shirking and Voter Monitoring : Impacts of European Parliament Electoral Systems upon Legislator―Voter Relationships / Shaun Bowler ; David M. Farrell=199

49. Competing Principals, Political Institutions, and Party Unity in Legislative Voting / John M. Carey=221

50. Comparisons among Electoral Systems : Distinguishing between Localism and Candidate-centered Politics / Bernard Grofman=247

51. Looking for Locals : Voter Information Demands and Personal Vote-Earning Attributes of Legislators under Proportional Representation / Matthew Søberg Shugart ; Melody Ellis Valdini ; Kati Suominen=253

52. Electoral Incentives in Mixed-Member Systems : Party, Posts, and Zombie Politicians in Japan / Robert Pekkanen ; Benjamin Nyblade ; Ellis S. Krauss=275

53. Electoral Systems, Contextual Factors and Women's Opportunity for Election to Parliament in Twenty-three Democracies / Wilma Rule=295

54. Incentives for Personal Votes and Women's Representation in Legislatures / Frank C. Thames ; Margaret S. Williams=317

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Volume V. Electoral Systems and Government Performance

55. Political Institutions and Satisfaction with Democracy : A Cross-National Analysis of Consensus and Majoritarian Systems / Christopher J. Anderson ; Christine A. Guillory=1

56. A Comparative Theory of Electoral Incentives : Representing the Unorganized under PR, Plurality and Mixed-Member Electoral Systems / Kathleen Bawn ; Michael F Thies=31

57. Voter Satisfaction and Electoral Systems : Does Preferential Voting in Candidate-centred Systems Make a Difference? / David M. Farrell ; Ian McAllister=57

58. Democracies : Forms, Performance, and Constitutional Engineering / Arend Lijphart=79

59. Congruence between Citizens and Policymakers in Two Visions of Liberal Democracy / John D. Huber ; G. Bingham Powell, Jr=97

60. Ballots Not Bullets : Testing Consociational Theories of Ethnic Conflict, Electoral Systems, and Democratization / Pippa Norris=129

61. Does Proportional Representation Foster Voter Turnout? / André Blais ; R.K. Carty=167

62. Electoral Systems, District Magnitude and Corruption / Eric C.C. Chang ; Miriam A. Golden=181

63. Executive Authority, the Personal Vote, and Budget Discipline in Latin American and Caribbean Countries / Mark Hallerberg ; Patrik Marier=207

64. Electoral Rules and Constitutional Structures as Constraints on Corruption / Jana Kunicová ; Susan Rose-Ackerman=235

65. Vote-seeking Incentives and Legislative Representation in Six Presidential Democracies / Brian F Crisp ; Maria C. Escobar-Lemmon ; Bradford S. Jones ; Mark P. Jones ; Michelle M. Taylor-Robinson=273

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Volume VI. Case Studies of Electoral Systems and National Experiences

66. Electoral Strategy under Open-list Proportional Representation / Barry Ames=1

67. Making Candidates Count : The Logic of Electoral Alliances in Two-round Legislative Elections / André Blais ; Indridi H. Indridason=27

68. A Quadruple Whammy for First-Past-the-Post / Adrian Blau=47

69. Single-Member District Electoral Systems and Democratic Transition / Sarah Birch=71

70. Designing Electoral Institutions : STV Systems and Their Consequences / David M. Farrell ; Malcolm Mackerras ; Ian McAllister=95

71. Candidates or Parties? Objects of Electoral Choice in Ireland / Michael Marsh=117

72. Does the Alternative Vote Foster Moderation in Ethnically Divided Societies? The Case of Fiji / Jon Fraenkel ; Bernard Grofman=145

73. The Importance of Electoral Rules : Comparing the Number of Parties in Spain's Lower and Upper Houses / Ignacio Lago ; Ferran Martínez=169

74. Going It Alone? Strategic Entry under Mixed Electoral Rules / Federico Ferrara ; Erik S. Herron=187

75. Contamination Effects and the Number of Parties in Mixed-superposition Electoral Systems / Erik S. Herron ; Misa Nishikawa=211

76. Mixed Electoral Systems and Electoral System Effects : Controlled Comparison and Cross-National Analysis / Robert G. Moser ; Ethan Scheiner=235

77. Mixed Electoral Rules' Impact on Party Systems / Misa Nishikawa ; Erik S. Herron=261