영문목차

PREFACE=v

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS=xi

TABLE OF CASES=xxxiii

TABLE OF STATUTES=xxxvii

TABLE OF AUTHORITIES=xliii

CHAPTER I. What is Equality in the Law?=1

A. Equality as Equal Citizenship=3

The Red Lily=3

Plessy v. Ferguson=4

The Social Contract=4

Speech Announcing Submission of the Voting Rights Act=4

Speech on Religious Minorities=5

Conceptions of Equality and Slavery in Islamic Law : Tribalism, Piety, and Pluralism=6

Notes=7

B. Equality as Neutrality=9

Plessy v. Ferguson=10

McDonald v. Santa Fe Trail Transportation=10

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke=10

City of Richmond v. J.A. Croson=12

Commencement Speech at Howard University=12

Should the French State Collect Racial Population Data?=13

Notes=15

A Constitution Without Race : Proposal for an Amendment of Article 3=17

Notes=18

C. Equality as Antisubordination=19

Groups and the Equal Protection Clause=19

The American Civil Rights Tradition : Anticlassification or Antisubordination?=22

Groups, Politics, and the Equal Protection Clause=25

Affirmative Action and the Group-Disadvantaging Principle=25

Notes=26

D. Equality as Equal Treatment=28

Equality and Difference : The Case of Pregnancy=28

Bradwell v. Illinois=29

Muller v. State of Oregon=30

Sail'er Inn, Inc. v. Kirby=31

United States v. Virginia=31

Nguyen v. Immigration and Naturalization Service=31

Notes=32

E. Equality as Accommodation=34

Religion, Private Schools and the Duty of Reasonable Accommodation : Looking Beyond the Trees to the Forest=34

The Paradoxes of Reasonable Accommodation=35

Trans World Airline v. Hardison=37

The Equality Crisis : Some Reflections on Culture, Courts and Feminism=37

Nevada Department of Human Resources v. Hibbs=38

Tennessee v. Lane=38

Disabilities, Discrimination, and Reasonable Accommodation=38

Notes=40

F. Equality as Diversity=42

Lesbian and Gay Equality Project v. Minister of Home Affairs=43

Wygant v. Jackson Board of Education=43

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke=44

Grutter v. Bollinger=45

Covering=46

The Prohibition Era(Review of Covering : The Hidden Assault on Our Civil Rights, by Kenji Yoshino)=48

Notes=50

G. Reparative Equality=51

Repairing the Past : New Efforts in the Reparations Debate in America=52

I Have a Dream=53

Adarand Constructors, Inc. v. Pena=53

Looking Beyond the Bottom : Critical Legal Studies and Reparations=54

Postamble to the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act No. 200 of 1993=56

Notes=57

I Will Give You A Talisman=58

Faces at the Bottom of the Well=58

Notes=59

CHAPTER II. What Is Inequality?―Proving Discrimination=60

Introduction=60

Problems=60

A. Intentional & Unintentional(or Direct and Indirect) Discrimination=62

Griggs v. Duke Power Co.=62

Washington v. Davis=62

Massachusetts v. Feeney=63

Notes=64

Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000=66

Council Directive 2006/54/EC of 5 July 2006=66

Coleman v. Attridge Law=67

D.H. and Others v. The Czech Republic=67

Bilka―Kaufhaus GmbH v. Weber von Hartz=69

Eldridge v. British Columbia=70

Notes=71

B. The Role of Inference=73

McDonnell Douglas Corporation v. Green=73

Furnco Construction Corporation v. Waters=74

St. Mary's Honor Center v. Hicks=74

Proving Intentional Discrimination : The Reality of Supreme Court Rhetoric=76

Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000=77

Handels-og Kontorfunktionrernes Forbund i Danmark v. Dansk Arbejdsgiverforening for Danfoss=78

Wong v. Igen Ltd.=79

Republic of France=79

Notes=80

Procedural Path Dependence : Discrimination and the Civil-Criminal Divide=81

C. Second Class Citizenship=83

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka=83

In Re Marriage Cases=85

Notes=87

D.H. and Others v. The Czech Republic=90

Notes=91

D. The Role of Prejudice, Bias and Stereotyping=95

Prejudicial Appearances : The Logic of American Antidiscrimination Law=95

Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins=98

The Id, The Ego and Equal Protection : Reckoning With Unconscious Racism=99

Negligent Discrimination=103

The Content Of Our Categories : A Cognitive Bias Approach to Discrimination and Equal Employment Opportunity=104

Nagarajan v. London Regional Transport=105

Notes=107

E. The Role of Statistics=111

State of Alabama v. United States=111

International Brotherhood of Teamsters v. United States=112

McCleskey v. Kemp=113

Brown et. al. v. City of Oneonta, New York=116

D.H. and Others v. The Czech Republic=118

Why France Needs to Collect Data on Racial Identity....In A French Way=121

Rihal v. London Borough of Ealing=121

Notes=122

F. Discrimination as Crime=124

Procedural Path Dependence : Discrimination and the Civil-Criminal Divide=124

Notes=128

CHAPTER III. Equality & Discrimination in Employment=130

Introduction=130

Problems=130

A. The United States=131

1. Disparate Treatment=132

Price Waterhouse v. Hopkins=132

Civil Rights Act of 1991=137

International Union, United Automobile Workers v. Johnson Controls, Inc.=138

2. Disparate Impact=144

Wards Cove Packing Co. v. Atonio=144

Civil Rights Act of 1991=152

3. Sexual Harassment=152

Meritor Savings Bank v. Vinson=152

Sexual Harassment Law in the United States, the United Kingdom and the European Union : Discriminatory Wrongs and Dignitary Harms=157

Notes=162

B. Europe=166

1. Sex Discrimination=167

Council Directive 2006/54/EC of 5 July 2006=167

Commission of the European Communities v. Republic of Austria=170

Sexual Harassment Law in the United States, the United Kingdom and the European Union : Discriminatory Wrongs and Dignitary Harms=179

2. Racial Discrimination=182

Council Directive 2000/43/EC of 29 June 2000=182

Equal Rights Versus Special Rights? Minority Protection and the Prohibition of Discrimination=184

3. Religion, Disability, Age, and Sexual Orientation Discrimination=189

Council Directive 2000/78/EC of 27 November 2000=190

Tadao Maruko v. Versorgungsanstalt der deutschen Buhnen=194

Notes=197

C. Hong Kong=200

1. Sex Discrimination=201

Excerpts from the Code of Practice on Employment Under the Sex Discrimination Ordinance=202

2. Race Discrimination=204

Excerpts from Code of Practice on Employment Under the Race Discrimination Ordinance=205

3. Disability Discrimination=209

Excerpts from the Code of Practice on Employment Under the Disability Discrimination Ordinance=210

Notes=214

D. South Africa=215

1. The Employment Equity Act=216

Employment Equity Act, No. 55 of 1998=216

2. The Constitutional Court=217

Hoffman v. South African Airways=217

Notes=220

E. Brazil=222

Introduction to Employment Discrimination in Brazil=222

Notes=223

F. India=228

Introduction to Employment Discrimination in India=228

Notes=229

CHAPTER IV. Equality & Affirmative Action=234

Introduction=234

Problem=235

A. The United States=235

Regents of the University of California v. Bakke=235

From Regents of University of California v. Bakke=247

Notes=249

Grutter v. Bollinger=251

Proposition 209=261

Notes=261

The Struggle for Access from Sweatt To Grutter : A History of African American, Latino, and American Indian Law School Admissions, 1950-2000=262

Notes=270

B. South Africa=271

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa, 1996=271

Motala and Another v. University of Natal=272

Achieving Substantive Equality in a Society Founded Upon Inequality : The South African Constitutional Experience(1997)=274

Notes=277

C. India=279

Introduction=279

The Constitution of India=280

Affirmative Action : India's Example=282

Indira Sawhney v. Union of India=285

Aiay Kumar Singh v. State of Bihar=287

Notes=289

D. France=291

The "Sciences Po" Decision of Le Conseil Consitutionnel=292

Affirmative Action at Sciences Po=292

Notes=298

E. Brazil=299

All Things Being Equal : The Promise of Affirmative Efforts to Eradicate Color-Coded Inequality in the United States and Brazil=300

Notes=300

F. Affirmative Action in Employment=302

Notes=302

G. Affirmative Action in the Regulation of Decision-Making("Parity Democracy")=306

Notes=306

CHAPTER V. Marriage Equality=309

Introduction=309

Problem=309

A. The United States=309

Loving v. Virginia=309

Beyond Analogy : Perez v. Sharp, Antimiscegenation Law, and the Fight for Same-Sex Marriage=313

Defense of Marriage Act(1996)=317

Proposed Constitutional Amendment=317

Goodridge v. Department of Public Health=318

Constitution of the Commonwealth of Virginia Section 15-A=329

Notes=330

B. Canada=334

Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms=334

Halpern v. Canada=335

Bill C-38―The Civil Marriage Act=342

Notes=343

C. Europe=346

European Federalism : The Nations of Europe, the European Union and the Council of Europe=346

Schalk and Kopf v. Austria=349

E.B. v. France=367

Notes=384

D. South Africa=388

Constitution of the Republic of South Africa=388

Ending the Apartheid of the Closet : Sexual Orientation in the South African Constitutional Process=389

Fourie and Another v. Minister of Home Affairs and Another=392

Notes=401

E. Notes Regarding a Feminist Perspective on Marriage and Equality=403

CHAPTER VI. Equality & Reproductive Rights=407

Introduction=407

Problems=407

A. The United States=408

Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution=408

Roe v. Wade=408

Planned Parenthood of Southern Pennsylvania v. Casey=413

Carhart v. Planned Parenthood Inc.=421

Notes=425

B. Mexico=427

Constitution of Mexico(as amended)=427

In re Mexico City's Law of Legal Interruption of Pregnancy=427

The Abortion Debate in Mexico=429

Notes=430

C. Colombia=431

The Political Constitution Of Colombia, 1991(as Amended 2005)=431

In Re. Abortion Law=432

Notes=439

D. Ireland=440

The Constitution of Ireland, 1937(as Amended 2004)=441

Attorney General v. X and Others=441

Case of A, B, and C v. Ireland=445

Notes=458

E. China=459

The Constitution of the People's Republic of China=459

1. Legislation=460

Population and Family Planning Law of the People's Republic of China=460

2. Example of Local Regulations=462

Population and Family Planning Regulations for Ningxia Ethnic Autonomous Region=462

3. History and Background of the Policy=462

The Effect of China's One Child Policy After 25 Years=462

China's Local and National Fertility Policies at the End of the Twentieth Century=464

4. Sex Discrimination=465

5. Anti-Discrimination Measures=466

Prohibition of Medically Unnecessary Procedures to Identify Fetal Sex, and of Gender-Selective Artificial Termination of Pregnancy=466

The Main Contents of the "Caring for Girls" Campaign=467

The "Caring for Girls" Project : Social Background and Implications for Public Administration=469

Notes=470

F. Abortion Law Globally=471

Introduction to Abortion Law Globally=471

Notes=473

CHAPTER VII. Equality & Religion : Secularism and Establishment=476

Introduction=476

Problems=477

On the Relationship between Structural Norms and Constitutional Rights in Church-State-Relations=477

Note=484

A. The United States=484

First Amendment United States Constitution=484

Everson v. Board of Education of the Township of Ewing=485

Lemon v. Kurtzman=487

Zelman v. Simmons-Harris=491

Notes=499

B. France=502

Secularism(laïcité) in France=502

Notes=510

C. Germany and Italy=511

Basic Law for the Federal Republic of Germany=511

"The Crucifix Case"=512

Notes=519

D. Mexico=520

Introduction to Secularism and Establishment in Mexico=520

Notes=522

CHAPTER VIII. Equality & Religion : Free Exercise of Religion for Religious Minorities=523

Introduction=523

Problem=523

A. The United States=524

Tinker v. Des Moines=524

Notes=527

Cooper v. Eugene=528

Notes=530

Wisconsin v. Yoder=531

Notes=537

Cheema v. Thompson=537

Notes=539

Goldman v. Weinberger=540

B. Turkey=543

Sahin v. Turkey=543

Notes=560

C. France=561

Education Code Article L141-5-1=561

Timeline of the Headscarf(Hijab) Issue in France=561

Secularism and Human Rights : A Contextual Analysis of Heads-carves, Religious Expression, and Women's Equality Under International Law=562

Case of Dogru v. France=565

Notes=569

D. Britain=571

Begum v. Headteacher & Governors of Denbigh High School=571

(Not Yet) Taking Rights Seriously : The House of Lords In Begum v. Headteacher and Governors of Denbigh High School=580

Notes=583

E. Canada=584

Multani v. Commission Scolaire Marguerite-Bourgeoys=584

F. India=586

The Constitution of India=586

The Ahmedabad St. Xavier's College Society v. State of Gujarat=588

The Constitution of India=590

Notes=590

Khan v. Shah Bano=590

Notes=594

Secularism in India : Why is it Imperiled?=595

Notes=600

CHAPTER IX. Equality & Hate Speech=602

Introduction=602

Problems=602

A. The United States=603

First Amendment to the United States Constitution=603

Brandenburg v. Ohio=603

Smith v. Collin=605

R.A.V. v. City of St. Paul=608

Virginia v. Black=616

Note=622

Doe v. University of Michigan=623

Notes=630

B. Germany=631

German Holocaust Denial Case=632

Notes=638

C. France=639

Faurisson v. France=641

Note=646

Lehideux and Isorni v. France=648

Notes=656

D. Denmark=656

Jersild v. Denmark=657

Notes=666

E. Turkey=667

Case of Gündüz v. Turkey=667

CHAPTER X. Equality & Federalism=676

Introduction=676

A. The United States=677

California Federal Savings and Loan Assoc. v. Guerra=677

Equal Protection by Law : Federal Antidiscrimination Legislation After Morrison and Kimel=681

Alabama v. Garrett=688

Nevada v. Hibbs=694

Notes=698

B. Europe=700

Kalanke v. Freie Hansestadt Bremen=702

Mangold v. Helm=703

Sejdic and Finci v. Bosnia and Herzegovina=705

Kozak v. Poland=707

Association Belge des Consommateurs Test-Achats ASBL v. Conseil des Ministres=709

Notes=711

C. India=715

Federalism and Diversity in India=715

Notes=718

D. South Africa=719

Authorizing Subnational Constitutions in Transitional Federal States : South Africa, Democracy, and the Kwazulu-Natal Constitution=719

Shilubana v. Nwamitwa=722

Notes=727

E. Iraq=728

Iraq's Constitutional Mandate to Justly Distribute Water : The Implications of Federalism, Islam, International Law and Human Rights=728

Notes=732

INDEX=735