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Acknowledgements=xv
Preface=xvii
Table of Abbreviations=xxi
Table of Cases=xxiii
Table of Treaties and other International Instruments=xxv
Table of Materials=xliii
Introduction=1
1. Structure=1
2. Terminology=3
I. An Introduction to Provisional Application=7
A. Provisional Application in International Law=7
1. The Notion of Provisional Application=7
1.1. Preliminary Remarks on the Function and Implications of Provisional Application=7
1.1.1. The Temporal Application of a Treaty Distinguished from its Entry into Force=11
1.1.2. How Provisional Application Works=12
1.2. The Delimitation of Provisional Application from Similar Mechanisms=15
1.2.1. Provisional or Interim Agreements=15
1.2.2. Preparatory Commissions=16
1.2.3. The Obligation not to Defeat a Treaty's Object and Purpose Prior to its Entry into Force=19
1.2.4. The Retroactive Application of a Treaty=20
2. The Emergence of the Concept of Provisional Application and its Codification in Article 25=21
2.1. Introduction=21
2.2. The Emergence of a Provision on Provisional Application=23
2.2.1. No Reference to Provisional Application or Provisionally Applied Treaties=23
2.2.2. Ambiguous Reference to Provisional Application=24
2.2.3. Unambiguous Reference to Provisionally Applied Treaties=25
2.2.4. A Provision on Provisional Application=27
2.2.5. Conclusion=27
2.3. The Drafting of the Provision=28
2.3.1. The Drafting of the Provision Within the ILC=28
2.3.1.1. The Retention or Deletion of (then) Draft Article 24=30
2.3.1.2. The Legal Force of Provisionally Applied Obligations=32
2.3.1.3. The Termination of Provisional Application=35
2.3.1.4. The Terminology of the Mechanism=39
2.3.1.5. Constitutional Law and Provisional Application=42
2.3.1.6. Conclusion=43
2.3.2. The Drafting of the Provision at the 1968-1969 Vienna Conference=44
2.3.2.1. The Retention or Deletion of a Draft Article on Provisional Application=44
2.3.2.2. The Terminology for the Mechanism=47
2.3.2.3. The Legal Force of Provisionally Applied Obligations=49
2.3.2.4. The Termination of Provisional Application=54
2.3.2.5. Constitutional Law and Provisional Application=57
2.3.2.6. Conclusion=59
2.3.3. Conceptualisation and Codification in Light of the Uncertainty Surrounding Provisional Application=60
B. Provisional Application in Internal Law=62
3. Internal Regulation of and Approaches towards Provisional Application=62
4. Internal Issues to Which Provisional Application can Give Rise=64
5. Internal Acceptance of Provisional Application=70
6. Conclusion=72
II. The View that Provisionally Applied Treaties are Non-Legally Binding=73
1. Introduction=73
2. The Discretion Allowed by Provisional Application=76
2.1. The Effect of the Power of Unilateral Termination=77
2.1.1. Article 25(2) and the Principle of Pacta Sunt Servanda=78
2.1.2. The Problem in Context : Academic Writings and the VCLT 1969=80
2.1.3. The Extent of the Discretion Accorded to States to Unilaterally Terminate=82
2.1.4. The Absence of General Compulsory Jurisdiction=85
2.1.5. Evidence that a Power of Unilateral Termination does not Necessarily Imply Absence of Legally Binding Force=86
2.1.6. Conclusion=89
2.2. The Hierarchy between a Provisionally Applied Treaty and Internal Law=89
2.2.1. Introduction=89
2.2.1.1. The Reception of Treaties in Internal Law=90
2.2.1.2. International Law and the Relationship between Treaties and Internal Law=93
2.2.2. Provisional Application and the Possibility of Invoking Internal Law=95
2.2.2.1. The Written Bases for the Possibility of Invoking Internal Law=95
2.2.2.2. Is this Possibility a General Feature of Provisional Application?=103
2.2.2.3. The Link between the Possibility of Invoking Internal Law and the Binding Force of a Provisionally Applied Treaty=106
2.2.2.4. The Critical Date for Determining the Reference to 'Internal Law'=110
2.2.2.5. Conclusion=112
2.3. Third Party Interpretation and the Discretion Allowed by Provisional Application=112
2.4. Conclusion=116
3. Conclusion=117
III. The View that Provisionally Applied Treaties are Legally Binding=119
1. Introduction=119
A. Arguments for the View that Provisionally Applied Treaties are Legally Binding=120
2. Similarity to Treaties in Force=120
2.1. Provisionally Applied Treaties as Treaties Provisionally in Force=121
2.2. 'Entry into Force' and 'Application' in the VCLT 1969=122
2.3. 'Entry into Force' and 'Application' in Academic Writings and Treaty Practice=124
2.4. Does 'Application' Imply That the Treaty is Binding?=126
2.5. Conclusion=127
3. The Intention of the Participants to be Bound by Provisionally Applied Treaties=127
3.1. The Argument that Agreements on Provisional Application are Legally Binding because they are "Governed by International Law"=128
3.2. The Argument that the Purpose of Provisional Application Implies a Legally Binding Obligation=131
3.3. The Argument that Provisionally Applied Treaties are Legally Binding on the Basis of Legitimate Expectations('Vertrauensschutz')=133
3.3.1. Does the Relevant Conduct Give Rise to Legitimate Expectations?=134
3.3.2. Legitimate Expectations and Good Faith as Source of Obligations=136
3.4. Evaluation and Conclusion=138
4. The (Collateral) Agreement Approach=139
5. Conclusion=142
B. Explanations for the Legal Effects of a Treaty Awaiting its Entry into Force=142
6. Introduction=142
6.1. A Collateral Agreement as Legal Construct and Formal Source=143
6.2. Other Legal Constructs and Substitute Sources=144
6.2.1. The Notification or Declaration of Provisional Application=145
6.2.2. The Final Clause in Which Provisional Application is Agreed and Reference to Article 24(4)=147
6.2.2.1. Partial, Anticipated Entry into Force of the Treaty=150
6.2.2.2. Retroactive Effect of the Treaty=151
6.2.2.3. Legal Effect of a Signed but Unratified Treaty=152
6.2.2.4. Consent at the Time of the Adoption of the Text of the Treaty=153
6.2.2.5. Practical Reasons for Treating a Treaty not in Force as a Treaty=154
6.3. Conclusion=157
7. Conclusion=158
IV. The Binding Force of Provisionally Applied Treaties in the Practice of States and International Organisations=161
1. Introduction=161
A. The Views Expressed by States and International Organisations=161
2. The View that Provisionally Applied Treaties are Legally Binding=161
2.1. The 1968-1969 Vienna Conference=162
2.2. Institutional Responses to the 2007-2008 Questionnaire=163
2.3. Responses to the Council of Europe Questionnaire=164
2.4. Opinions of Legal Advisers=167
2.5. Support in other 'Sources'=169
2.5.1. The Understanding of the ILC and Some of its Members=169
2.5.2. The Yukos and Kardassopoulos Tribunals=170
2.5.3. Personal Responses to the 2007-2008 Questionnaire=171
2.6. Evaluation : Provisionally Applied Treaties as 'Pacta' and the Role of Intention=172
2.7. Conclusion=173
3. The View that Provisionally Applied Treaties are not Legally Binding=173
3.1. Provisional Application is Similar to Article 18=174
3.2. Provisionally Applied Treaties are Considered to be Soft Law=174
3.3. Conclusion=176
4. The view that Provisionally Applied Treaties can be Legally Binding or Non-Legally Binding=177
4.1. International Practice=177
4.2. Support in other 'Sources'=179
4.3. Evaluation and Conclusion=179
5. The Provisional Entry into Force and Application of Commodity Agreements=181
5.1. Introduction=182
5.1.1. The Need for Provisional Entry into Force and Provisional Application=183
5.1.2. The Operation of Provisional Entry into Force and Provisional Application=184
5.2. The Binding Force of Commodity Agreements Provisionally in Force=186
5.3. The Legal Effects of the Provisional Application of Commodity Agreements=187
5.3.1. The View that Provisional Application of Commodity Agreements Involves Legally Binding Rights and Obligations=188
5.3.2. The View that a Declaration of Provisional Application is Non-Legally Binding=191
5.3.3. Evaluation and Conclusion=194
6. Conclusion=196
B. The Binding Force of Provisionally Applied Treaties : Treaty Practice and the Intention of the 'Parties'=197
7. Introduction=197
8. The Wording and Content of Agreements on Provisional Application=197
8.1. Agreements Using Treaty Language, Form or Nomenclature=198
8.1.1. Agreements Whose Content is not Necessarily Indicative of an Intention to be Bound=198
8.1.1.1. Provisional Application in a Separate Agreement=200
8.1.1.2. Provisional Application Brought about by a Declaration or Notification=203
8.1.1.3. Provisional Application Agreed in the Treaty Itself=205
8.1.1.4. Conclusion=206
8.1.2. Agreements Whose Content may be Indicative of an Intention to be Bound=207
8.1.2.1. 'Rights and Obligations' During Provisional Application=207
8.1.2.2. Specification of Conduct Expected During Provisional Application=209
8.1.2.3. Legal Dispute Settlement and Provisional Application=211
8.1.2.4. Conclusion=215
8.1.3. Agreements Whose Content is Explicit as to an Intention to be Bound=216
8.1.4. Conclusion=217
8.2. Agreements using Non-Treaty Language or Form=218
8.2.1. Provisional Application in a Separate Agreement=218
8.2.2. Provisional Application Agreed in the Treaty Itself=221
8.2.3. Conclusion=222
8.3. Provisional Entry into Force and Provisional Application Clauses in Commodity Agreements=222
8.3.1. The Legal Effects and Binding Force of Commodity Agreements Provisionally in Force=223
8.3.2. The Legal Implications of Provisional Application of Commodity Agreements=225
8.3.3. Conclusion=228
8.4. Conclusion=229
9. Evaluation and Conclusion=230
Concluding Remarks=235
Appendix(2007-2008 Questionnaire)=245
Bibliography=253
Bibliography of Literature on the Provisional Application of Treaties=265
Index=269
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