영문목차

Acknowledgments=xiii

Introduction=xv

Author=xxi

1. Fire and Science=1

1.1. Introduction=1

1.2. Argument versus Experiment=1

1.3. Fire and the Enlightenment=3

1.4. Scientific Approach to Fire Investigation=9

1.5. Modern Fire Analysis=10

1.6. NFPA 921=13

1.7. NFPA 1033=15

1.8. CFITrainer.net=16

1.9. Science, Law, and Law Enforcement=17

1.10. Conclusion=18

References=18

2. The Chemistry and Physics of Combustion=21

2.1. Fire and Energy=21

2.2. Basic Chemistry=29

2.3. States of Matter=30

2.4. The Behavior of Gases=32

2.5. Stoichiometry and Flammable Limits=42

2.6. The Behavior of Liquids=44

2.7. The Behavior of Solids=52

2.8. Conclusion=57

References=58

3. Fire Dynamics and Fire Pattern Development=59

3.1. Introduction=59

3.2. Ignition=59

3.3. Self-Heating and Spontaneous Ignition=60

3.4. Chemical Ignition=61

3.5. Smoldering Ignition=62

3.6. Flames=63

3.7. Flammability=65

3.8. Compartment Fires=76

3.9. Plume Pattern Development=82

3.10. Ventilation Pattern Development=90

3.11. Penetrations through Floors=97

3.12. Horizons, Movement, and Intensity Patterns=101

3.13. Clean Burn=101

3.14. Electrical Patterns=105

3.15. Fire Modeling=110

3.16. Conclusion=122

References=123

4. Fire Investigation Procedures=125

4.1. Introduction=125

4.2. Recognize the Need=125

4.3. Presumption of Accidental Cause : The Null Hypothesis=126

4.4. Negative Corpus Methodology=127

4.5. Planning the Investigation=130

4.6. The Initial Survey : Safety First=130

4.7. Documentation=131

4.8. Reconstruction=135

4.9. Inventory=137

4.10. Avoiding Spoliation=139

4.11. Origin Determination=142

4.12. Evidence Collection and Preservation=147

4.13. Fatal Fires=149

4.14. Hypothesis Development and Testing=150

4.15. Reporting Procedure=155

4.16. Record Keeping=157

4.17. Conclusion=162

References=162

5. Analysis of Ignitable Liquid Residues=163

5.1. Introduction=163

5.2. Evolution of Separation Techniques=165

5.3. Evolution of Analytical Techniques=169

5.4. Evolution of Standard Methods=170

5.5. Isolating the Residue=172

5.5.1. Initial Sample Evaluation=172

5.5.2. ILR Isolation Method Selection=172

5.5.3. Solvent Selection=175

5.5.4. Internal Standards=175

5.5.5. Advantages and Disadvantages of Isolation Methods=176

5.6. Analyzing the Isolated ILR=178

5.6.1. Criteria for Identification=182

5.6.1.1. Identification of Gasoline=184

5.6.1.2. Identification of Distillates=195

5.6.1.3. Identifying Other Classes of Products=203

5.6.2. Improving Sensitivity=208

5.6.3. Estimating the Degree of Evaporation=213

5.6.4. Identity of Source=217

5.7. Reporting Procedures=219

5.8. Record Keeping=223

5.9. Quality Assurance=223

5.10. Conclusion=226

References=227

6. Evaluation of Ignition Sources=229

6.1. Introduction=229

6.2. Joint Examinations of Physical Evidence=229

6.3. Appliances and Electrical Components=230

6.3.1. Electronic Device Reliability and Failure Modes=236

6.3.1.1. The Burn-In Phase=239

6.3.1.2. The Useful Life Phase=240

6.3.1.3. The Wear-Out Phase=240

6.3.1.4. Electronic Device Failure Causes=241

6.3.1.5. Case Study―Fire Remote from Root Cause=248

6.3.1.6. Hardware versus Software=250

6.3.2. Kitchen Ranges=251

6.3.3. Coffee Makers=252

6.3.4. Deep Fat Fryers=255

6.3.5. Space Heating Appliances=256

6.3.6. Water Heaters=258

6.3.7. Clothes Dryers=263

6.3.8. Fluorescent Lights=270

6.3.9. Recessed Lights=272

6.3.10. Exhaust Fans=274

6.3.11. Service Panels=277

6.3.12. Oxygen Enrichment Devices=278

6.4. Testing of Ignition Scenarios=282

6.4.1. Spontaneous Ignition Tests=285

6.5. Following Up=293

6.6. Conclusion=294

References=294

7. Thirty Fire Scene Scenarios=297

7.1. Introduction=297

7.2. Arson=298

7.2.1. Arson Fire ＃1 : The Fictitious Burglar=298

7.2.2. Arson Fire ＃2 : Unexplained Accelerants=306

7.2.3. Arson Fire ＃3 : Unpleasant Neighbors=310

7.2.4. Arson Fire ＃4 : Accidental Causes Eliminated=318

7.3. Dryer Fires=322

7.3.1. Dryer Fire ＃1 : Misrouted Power Cord=322

7.3.2. Dryer Fire ＃2 : Cross-Threaded Connection=326

7.3.3. Dryer Fire ＃3 : Spliced Power Cord=334

7.3.4. Dryer Fire ＃4 : Internal Power Wire Comes Loose=344

7.4. Electrical Fires=350

7.4.1. Electrical Fire ＃1 : Energized Neutral=350

7.4.2. Electrical Fire ＃2 : Worn-Out Outlet=357

7.4.3. Electrical Fire ＃3 : Makeshift Extension Cord=361

7.4.4. Electrical Fire ＃4 : A Failed Transformer=370

7.4.5. Electrical Fire ＃5 : An Overdriven Staple=374

7.5. Fluorescent Light Fires=380

7.5.1. Fluorescent Light Fire ＃1 : A Ballast Failure=381

7.5.2. Fluorescent Light Fire ＃2 : An Overheated Lamp Holder=385

7.6. Gas Fires=391

7.6.1. Gas Fire ＃1 : Leak in CSST Line(and Failure to Inspect)=391

7.6.2. Gas Fire ＃2 : A Leak at a New Flare Fitting=397

7.6.3. Gas Fire ＃3 : Overfilled Cylinders=401

7.6.4. Gas Fire ＃4 : New Installation, Open Line=407

7.7. Heater Fires=409

7.7.1. Heater Fire ＃1 : Combustibles on a Floor Furnace=409

7.7.2. Heater Fire ＃2 : Portable Heater Ignites Cardboard=414

7.7.3. Heater Fire ＃3 : Contents Stacked in Front of the Heater=420

7.8. Industrial Fires=426

7.8.1. Industrial Fire ＃1 : Machine Shop Spray Booth=426

7.8.2. Industrial Fire ＃2 : Waste Accumulations on the Roof=433

7.8.3. Industrial Fire ＃3 : A Design Flaw in a Printing Machine=439

7.8.4. Industrial Fire ＃4 : Hydraulic Fluid Fire=443

7.8.5. Industrial Fire ＃5 : Another Chicken Story=448

7.9. Lightning Fires=454

7.9.1. Lightning Fire ＃1=455

7.9.2. Lightning Fire ＃2=459

7.10. Water Heaters=463

7.10.1. Water Heater Fire ＃1=463

7.11. Conclusion=468

References=468

8. The Mythology of Arson Investigation=471

8.1. Development and Promulgation of Myths=471

8.2. Alligatoring=474

8.3. Crazed Glass=478

8.4. Depth and Location of Char=481

8.5. Lines of Demarcation=482

8.6. Sagged Furniture Springs=489

8.7. Spalling=490

8.8. Fire Load=496

8.9. Low Burning and Holes in the Floor=498

8.10. The Angle of V=500

8.11. Time and Temperature=501

8.12. Conclusion=503

References=503

9. Sources of Error in Fire Investigation=507

9.1. Introduction=507

9.2. Overlooking Critical Data=509

9.3. Misinterpreting Critical Data=510

9.4. Misinterpreting Irrelevant Data=512

9.5. Ignoring Inconsistent Data=512

9.6. Two-Dimensional Thinking=513

9.7. Poor Communication=514

9.8. Faulty Chemistry or Engineering=515

9.9. Evaluating Allegations of Arson=516

9.9.1. Is This Arson Call Based Entirely on the Appearance of the Burned Floor in a Fully Involved Compartment?=516

9.9.2. Is This Arson Call Based on "Low Burning," Crazed Glass, Spalling, "Shiny Alligatoring," a "Narrow V-Pattern," or "Melted/Annealed Metal?"=516

9.9.3. Is This Arson Call Based on an Unconfirmed Canine Alert?=517

9.9.4. Is This Arson Call Based on a Fire that "Burned Hotter than Normal" or "Faster than Normal?"=517

9.9.5. Do Neutral Eyewitnesses Place the Origin of the Fire Somewhere Other than Where the Arson Investigator Says It Was Set?=517

9.9.6. Is This Arson Call Based Entirely or Largely on a Mathematical Equation or a Computer Model?=517

9.10. Investigations Gone Wrong=518

9.10.1. State of Georgia v. Weldon Wayne Carr=518

9.10.1.1. Error Analysis=533

9.10.2. Maynard Clark v. Auto Owners Insurance Company=534

9.10.2.1. Error Analysis=538

9.10.3. United States v. Kenneth and Ricky Daniels and Daniels v. Liberty Mutual et al.=539

9.10.3.1. Error Analysis=542

9.10.4. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania v. Louis DiNicola=542

9.10.4.1. Error Analysis=544

9.10.5. State of Arizona v. Ray Girdler=544

9.10.5.1. Error Analysis=551

9.10.6. Hanley v. Prudential Insurance=552

9.10.6.1. Error Analysis=556

9.10.7. Howell Business Forms v. Vik Brothers Insurance Group=557

9.10.7.1. Error Analysis=559

9.10.8. Eva and Manson Johnson v. Florida Farm Bureau=559

9.10.8.1. Error Analysis=565

9.10.9. State of Georgia v. John Metcalf and Kimberly Post=565

9.10.9.1. Error Analysis=571

9.10.10. State of North Carolina v. Jermaine Antoine Smith=572

9.10.10.1. Error Analysis=575

9.10.11. United States v. Michael Weber=575

9.10.11.1. Error Analysis=577

9.10.12. Stark County Port Authority v. Railway Properties, Ltd.=577

9.10.12.1. Error Analysis=582

9.10.13. State of Louisiana v. Amanda Gutweiler=582

9.10.13.1. Error Analysis=588

9.11. Conclusion=589

References=589

10. The Professional Practice of Fire Investigation=591

10.1. Introduction=591

10.2. Identifying Your Stakeholders=591

10.3. Doing Consistent Work=593

10.4. Business Practices=597

10.4.1. Pro Bono Work=599

10.5. Serving as an Expert Witness=599

10.5.1. Advocacy=601

10.5.2. Discovery=602

10.5.3. Courtroom Testimony=605

10.5.3.1. Direct Examination=606

10.5.3.2. Cross-Examination=608

10.6. Conclusion=610

References=610

Index=611